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Brushless DC Motor

The document discusses brushless DC motors, including their construction, operation, control methods, and parameters. It describes how BLDC motors use electronic commutation instead of a mechanical commutator, and covers topics like hall sensors, back-EMF sensing, six-step commutation, driver circuits, induced EMF, and closed-loop speed control.

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Nadeeka Perera
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94 views24 pages

Brushless DC Motor

The document discusses brushless DC motors, including their construction, operation, control methods, and parameters. It describes how BLDC motors use electronic commutation instead of a mechanical commutator, and covers topics like hall sensors, back-EMF sensing, six-step commutation, driver circuits, induced EMF, and closed-loop speed control.

Uploaded by

Nadeeka Perera
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Brushless DC Motor

BLDC Motor Basics


 Only the input-output characteristics of the BLDCM matches that of the
conventional DC motor, but the internal structure is completely different
BLDC Motor Basics
 DC motor performance, but without a mechanical commutator
 Limitations with commutator
◦ Constraints on upper speed limits
◦ Difficulty of continued operation at stand still condition
◦ Noise and EMI
◦ Frequent maintenance
 Benefits of BLDCM
◦ High power/volume ratio
◦ Flexible designs-low moment of inertia
◦ High efficiency
◦ Easy handling
BLDC Motor Basics
 Electronically commutated motors.
 A BLDC motor has permanent magnets which rotate and a fixed armature
 Position of rotor with respect to the stator winding is sensed electronically
using Hall sensors.
 Current is commutated through electronic switches to appropriate phases.
 However, the control of a brushless DC motor is a challenge.
BLDC Motor Construction

 Stator-Balanced three phase windings, Most BLDC motors have


three stator windings connected in star
 Rotor-Surface mounted permanent magnet
 Stator carries position sensors( Hall effect sensors) to sense rotor
position
 Stator windings are connected to inverter ( input is DC)
BLDC Motor Operation
 To run a BLDC motor an electronic drive is required.
 The Hall Effect sensors give a combination of high and low signals when
they pass next to the rotor poles.
 With this combination, the commutation sequence is determined.
 Each commutation sequence has one of the windings energized to
positive power (current enters into the winding), the second winding is
negative (current exits the winding) and the third is in a non-energized
condition.
 The energized stator winding leads the rotor magnet, and switches just
as the rotor aligns with the stator and then rotor rotates.
 Torque is produced because of the interaction between the magnetic
field generated by the stator coils and the permanent magnets.
BLDC Motor Control

 There are several BLDC control techniques


 Micro controller based sensored or sensorless control
 Control of BLDC Motor Using DSP

 Vector control based on the sensor

 Most of the time sensored based control is used


BLDC Motor Control

 Using a three-phase inverter stator windings are electronically commutated


based on the rotor position with respect to the stator winding
Six step Commutation of 3 phase
BLDC motor
As the commutation is controlled electronically, the motor requires that
the stator windings be energized in a particular sequence. In order to obey
this sequence, it is important to know the rotor position.
Rotor position
 Position sensing using Hall sensors
◦ Hall-Effect Sensors are embedded in the stator. These hall sensors are placed every 120°
on the non-driving end of the motor. When the rotor magnetic poles pass near the hall
sensors, they give a high or low signal, indicating that the north or South Pole is passing
near. The position of the rotor can be derived with the exact combination of the three
hall sensor signals.

 Position sensing using Back EMF (Sensor less)


◦ According to the interconnection of coils in the stator windings there are two types of
back EMF called trapezoidal and sinusoidal. The zero-crossing approach is one of the
simplest methods of back-EMF sensing technique, and is based on detecting the instant
at which the back-EMF in the unexcited phase crosses zero. Comparators are included
within the power module which detects the crossover points.
◦ Within the microcontroller it has complete control over the determination of the zero
crossover points and digital filters are used to filter out the high frequency switching
noise.
Sensing rotor position
 Position sensing using Back EMF (Sensor less)
 Zero crossing detection method

Zero-
crossing
point

Trapezoidal back EMF and Sinusoidal back EMF


Overview of the Control System
Contd...
 Observed hall truth table and MOSFET firing sequence

Gate signals to inverter


Hall State Phase Out put
R Y B

A B C Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 A B C

1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 DC+ OFF DC-

1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 DC+ DC- OFF

0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 OFF DC- DC+

0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 DC- OFF DC+

0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 DC- DC+ OFF

1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 OFF DC+ DC-


Contd...
 hall sensor output and the relevant phase current wave forms
BLDC drive circuit
 Inverter circuit with MOSFET driven by PWM switching
BLDC drive circuit
 MOSFET firing sequence
BLDC drive circuit
 MOSFET firing sequence

 To produce the desired output, PWM switching technique will be used to

generate the pulses for power device i.e. MOSFET via microcontroller. By
changing the duty cycle the average output DC voltage is changed in order
to control the speed of the motor.
Induced EMF
Sinusoidal BLDC
 
 Has sinusoidal back EMF, so that sinusoidal static-torque curves

 To provide constant torque , supply sinusoidal phase current

 Rotor position sensing-should be high resolution, so that need shft

encoder
 Encoder units cost is high- used only in specific application

 Performance is better than Trapezoidal BLDCM

 - main parameter used to controls T

 - secondary parameter available to control T


Example:Typical BLDC Motor parameters

BLDC motor Parameters (NT Dynamo-DMA0102024C2010)


No of Poles 10
Voltage constant 0.014V/RPM
Torque constant 0.0242Nm/A
Flux linkage established by the magnets 0.648 T
Ld(H) ,Direct axis inductance 4.605 L-L
Lq(H), Quadrature axis inductance 4.598 L-L
Rotor Inertia 4.846 kgm2
Stator phase resistance 2.65Ohm
Stator phase inductance 4.2mH
Example- Microcontroller design for
BLDC motor control

Motor control development board input/output port allocation


Closed Loop control of BLDC motor

◦ With the hall sensor method, commutation ensures the proper rotor
rotation of the BLDC motor, while the motor speed depends only on
the amplitude of the applied voltage
◦ The required speed is controlled by a speed controller, implemented
as a conventional PI controller
◦ Additional Encoder unit is required to sense the speed
Equivalent Circuit
Examples-BLDC

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