Scribd
Upload
113 views

Introduction To Bash Shell

This document provides an introduction to the Bash shell, including what the shell is, special characters used in shell scripts, how to invoke scripts, internal commands and builtins, I/O redirection, conditional statements like if/else and case, loops, variables, pattern matching, aliases, arrays, functions, positional parameters, files used by Bash, and debugging techniques.

Uploaded by

Er Umesh Thoriya
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
113 views

Introduction To Bash Shell

This document provides an introduction to the Bash shell, including what the shell is, special characters used in shell scripts, how to invoke scripts, internal commands and builtins, I/O redirection, conditional statements like if/else and case, loops, variables, pattern matching, aliases, arrays, functions, positional parameters, files used by Bash, and debugging techniques.

Uploaded by

Er Umesh Thoriya
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 21

Introduction to Bash Shell

What is Shell?
• The shell is a command interpreter.
• It is the layer between the operating system
kernel and the user.
Some Special characters used in
shell scripts
• #:Comments
• ~:home directory
Invoking the script
• The first line must be “#!/bin/bash”.
– setup the shell path
• chmod u+x scriptname (gives only the scri
pt owner execute permission)
• ./scripname
Some Internal Commands and Bu
iltins
• getopts:
– parses command line arguments passed to the script.
• exit:
– Unconditionally terminates a script
• set:
– changes the value of internal script variables.
• read:
– Reads" the value of a variable from stdin
– also "read" its variable value from a file redirected to stdin
• wait:
– Stop script execution until all jobs running in background have terminated
Some Internal Commands and Bu
iltins (cont.)
• grep:
– grep pattern file
– search the files file, etc. for occurrences of pattern
• expr:
– evaluates the arguments according to the operation g
iven
– y=`expr $y + 1` (same as y=$(($y+1))
I/O Redirection
• >: Redirect stdout to a file, Creates the file
if not present, otherwise overwrites it
• < : Accept input from a file.
• >>: Creates the file if not present, otherwise
appends to it.
• <<:
– Forces the input to a command to be the shell’s in
put, which until there is a line that contains only
label.
– cat >> mshfile << .
• |:pipe, similar to ">",
if
if [ condition ] then
command1
elif # Same as else if
then
command1
else
default-command
fi
case
x=5    
case $x in
   0) echo "Value of x is 0."
      ;
   5) echo "Value of x is 5."
      ;
   9) echo "Value of x is 9."
      ;
   *) echo "Unrecognized value."
esac
done
Loops
• for [arg] in [list];
do
command
done
• while [condition];
do
command...
done
Loops (cont.)
• break, continue
– break command terminates the loop
– continue causes a jump to the next iteration of the
loop
Introduction to Variables
• $: variable substitution
– If variable1 is the name of a variable, then $variabl
e1 is a reference to its value.
Pattern Matching
• ${variable#pattern}
• ${variable##pattern}
• ${variable%pattern}
• ${variable%%pattern}
Examples of Pattern Matching
x=/home/cam/book/long.file.name
echo ${x#/*/}
echo ${x##/*/}
echo ${x%.*}
echo ${x%%.*}
cam/book/long.file.name
long.file.name
/home/cam/book/long.file
/home/cam/book/long
Aliases
• avoiding typing a long command sequence
• Ex: alias lm="ls -l | more"
Array
• Declare:
– declare -a array_name
• To dereference (find the contents of) an array vari
able, use curly bracket notation, that is, ${ array[x
x]}
• refers to all the elements of the array
– ${array_name[@]} or ${array_name[*]}
• get a count of the number of elements in an array
– ${#array_name[@]} or ${#array_name[*]}
Functions
• Type
– function function-name {
command...
}
– function-name () {
command...
}
• Local variables in function:
– Declare: local var_name
• functions may have arguments
– function-name $arg1 $arg2
Positional Parameters
• $1, $2, $3 …..
• $0 is the name of the script.
• The variable $# holds the number of positio
nal parameter.
Positional Parameters in
Functions
• $1, $2, $3….
• Not from $0
Files
• /etc/profile
– systemwide defaults, mostly setting the environment
• /etc/bashrc
– systemwide functions and and aliases for Bash
• $HOME/.bash_profile
– user-specific Bash environmental default settings, found
in each user's home directory
• $HOME/.bashrc
– user-specific Bash init file, found in each user's home dir
ectory
Debugging
• The Bash shell contains no debugger, nor even
any debugging-specific commands or constructs.
• The simplest debugging aid is the output
statement, echo.
• Set option
– -n: Don’t run command; check for syntax error only
– -v: Echo commands before running them
– -x: Echo commands after command-line processing

You might also like