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Research methodology

Presented to: Sir Uzair Malik

Presented By: Shahida Batool
Uroosa Abrar Malik
Riffat Saleem
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 Topic
Referencing styles
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Reference
• The use of a source of information in order to
ascertain something
Referencing style
• Set of rules telling, how to acknowledge the thoughts,
ideas and works of others in a particular way.

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Types of references:
• Research paper reference
• Book reference
• Website reference

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Reference elements
• Author name
• Article title
• Journal name
• Year
• Volume
• Page numbers
• Publisher name
• City of publication

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Types of referencing styles
• IEEE Style
• Harvard Style
• Vancouver Style
• APA Style
• MLA Style
• Chicago Style

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 Harvard style
In text
Paragraph…….(author surname, year published)

Research paper
• Author’s name followed by its initials. Year of
publication. ‘Title of article’. Name of journal ,(Issue
no.).Page no.
Example
(1) Coveney, M., Ganster, S. & King, D. 2003.
‘cyber crime’. Springer, (3). 23-29
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Book reference
• Author name, author’s surname.(year published)
Title. Ed., City: publisher name, p. pages used.
Example
• Pitt, C. and Smith, J. (2012) How Institutions Evolve.
Ed.4th ,new york; john smith, p.3-4.

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Website
• Author name, title of article and name of
website[online].[accessed date]. Available
at:<URL>
Example
• Akram, online ilmkiduniya ilmkiduniya.com[online]. [30 January
2011]. Available at:
<http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/romans/fallofromanrepublic_a
rticle_01.shtml>.

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 Vancouver style
In the text:
1. Peck and Coyle (1) paragraph……
2. Paragraph….. (1).
Research paper
• Author surname followed by initials. “Title of article”
Title of journal. Date of publication; Volume no.:Page no.
Example
1. Wharton N. “Health and safety in outdoor activity” springer.
1996;12(4):74-6.

(page no. comes last this should not be written as 74-76). 11

Book:
1. Surname initial. Book title.(colon to separate title
and subtitle). Edition. Place of publication city,
country:name of publisher; date.
Example
• Madden R, Hogan T. The definition of disability in
Australia: Moving towards national consistency. Ed.
5th. New york, America: Australian Institute of Health
and Welfare; 1997.

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Website
1. Surname initial. Title[online].year published
[cited date]. Available from: URL
Example
1. Gaudin S. How moon landing changed technology
history [online]. 2009 [cited 15 June 2014]. Available
from: http://www.computerworlduk.com/in-depth/it-
business/2387/how-moon-landing-changed-technology-
history/

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 The Chicago manual of style
In the text
•  Use only the surname of the author followed by the
year of publication:
• (Matthews 1999)
(Lester, Brown, and Withers 1987, 26)
Research paper
Last Name, First Name. “Article Title.” Journal
Name Volume Number (Year Published): Page Numbers.
Example
1. Smith, John. “Studies in pop rocks and
Coke.” Weird Science 12 (2009): 78-93.
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Book
• Author’s Last name, First name. Title: Subtitle.
Edition. Place of publication: Publisher, date
of publication.
Example
• Thelen, Kathleen. How Institutions Evolve:
The Political Economy of Skills in Germany.
Ed.4th. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, 2004.

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Website
With author
• Last Name, First Name. “Title of webpage.” Website name. Web
Address (Last modified date, year).
Smith, John. “Obama inaugurated as President.” CNN.com.
http://www.cnn.com/POLITICS/01/21/obama_inaugurated/index.html
(accessed February 1, 2009).
Without author
• “Title of webpage." Website name. web address (Last
modified date, year).
Example
• Cable News Network. “Obama inaugurated as President.” CNN.com.
http://www.cnn.com/POLITICS/01/21/obama_inaugurated/index.htm
l (accessed February 1, 2009).
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 IEEE style
In the text
•Reference is given by the square brackets at the end of the statement [1].
Research paper
[1] Author name initials. Surname, “article title,” journal name, Volume
no., Issue no. ,Page no., publication date.
Example
[1] G. Liu, K. Y. Lee, and H. F. Jordan, "TDM and TWDM de Bruijn
networks and shuffle nets for optical communications," IEEE Trans.
Comp., vol. 46, pp. 695-701, June 1997.

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Book
[1] Author name initials. Surname, “book chapter” in book name, edition
number. City of publication: publisher, date , chapter no., Page no.
Example
[1] J.E. Bourne. “Synthetic structure of industrial plastics,” in Plastics,
2nd ed., vol. 3. J. Peters, Ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1964, pp.15-67.
Website
[1]Author Initial. Author Surname, 'Title', Year Published. [Online].
Available: http://Website URL.
[Accessed: 10- Oct- 2013].
Example:
[1] S. Calmer. (1999, June 1). Engineering and Art. (2nd edition). [On-
line]. 27(3). Available: www.enggart.com/examples/students.html
[May 21, 2003].

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APA(American Psychological Association) style
In the text
Paragraph (Gass & Varonis, 1984)
Research paper
• Author, A. (Publication Year). Article title. Periodical
Title, Volume(Issue), pp-pp.
Example
1. Nevin, A. (1990). The changing of teacher education
special education. Teacher Education and Special
Education: The Journal of the Teacher Education
Division of the Council for Exceptional Children, 13(3-
4), 147-148.

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Book
• Author, A. (Year of Publication). Title of article.
Publisher City, State: Publisher.
Example
1. Finney, J. (1970). Time and again. New York,
NY: Simon and Schuster

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Website
Author, A. (Year, Month Date of Publication). Article title. Retrieved
from URL
Example
1. Simmons, B. (2015, January 9). The tale of two Flaccos. Retrieved
from http://grantland.com/the-triangle/the-tale-of-two-flaccos/
Without author
Article title. (Year, Month Date of Publication). Retrieved from URL
Example
1. Teen posed as doctor at West Palm Beach hospital: police.
(2015, January 16). Retrieved from
http://www.nbcmiami.com/news/local/Teen-Posed-as-
Doctor-at-West-Palm-Beach-Hospital-Police-
288810831.html

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 MLA(Modern Language Association)

In the text
Paragraph…. (Author name)
Research paper
Last Name, First Name. “Article Title.” Journal
Name Volume Number (Year Published): Page
Numbers. Medium.
Example
Smith, John. “Studies in pop rocks and
Coke.” Weird Science 12 (2009): 78-93. Print.
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In the text
Paragraph…. (author name page no.)
Book
Last Name, First Name. Book Title. Publisher
City: Publisher Name, Year Published. Medium.
Example
Smith, John. The Sample Book. Pittsburgh:
BibMe, 2008. Print.

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Website
• Last Name, First Name. “Page Title.” Website Title.
Publisher. Publication Date: Page Numbers.
Example
Smith, John. “Obama inaugurated as
President.” CNN.com. Cable News Network, 21 Jan.
2009. Web. 1 Feb. 2009.
• If no author is available, begin the citation with
the page title.
“Obama inaugurated as President.” CNN.com. Cable
News Network, 21 Jan. 2009. Web. 1 Feb. 2009.

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Conclusion
• It gives us a standard format of presenting or
reference.
• Supports statement and helps to know origin
of work.
• Plagiarism can be avoided.

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Thank you

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