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Introduction To Information and Communication Technology

An operating system is software that allows users to run applications and acts as an intermediary between the user and computer hardware. It allocates resources like memory and CPU time, manages hardware components, and provides common services to programs. Examples of operating systems include Windows, Linux, Mac OS, and Android. Operating systems aim to execute user programs efficiently while making the computer convenient to use.

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50 views

Introduction To Information and Communication Technology

An operating system is software that allows users to run applications and acts as an intermediary between the user and computer hardware. It allocates resources like memory and CPU time, manages hardware components, and provides common services to programs. Examples of operating systems include Windows, Linux, Mac OS, and Android. Operating systems aim to execute user programs efficiently while making the computer convenient to use.

Uploaded by

Hammad khan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION

AND COMMUNICATION
TECHNOLOGY
Operating Systems

 It’s a software that allows a user to run other applications on a computing device
and acts as an intermediary between a user of a computer and the computer
hardware.
What do operating systems do?

 Allocation of resources
 Memory management.
 User View
 Extended machine that hides the lower level details
 System View
 Resource allocator
 Resource
 Component of limited availability necessary for effective operation.
 A resource is whatever any process needs to use to complete its task.
 Memory , CPU, files, printer, data or any I/O devices , anything that is needed to complete
tasks.
Examples of Operating Systems

 Windows
 Linux
 Mac OS
 Ubuntu
 Android
 iOS
Goals of Operating System

 Operating System Goals


 Execute user programs.
 Make solving user problems easier.
 Make the computer system convenient to use.
 Use the computer hardware and resources in an efficient manner.
Computer System Operation

 A modern general purpose computer consists of one or more CPUs and a number of device
controllers connected through a common bus that provides access to a shared memory.
 Each device controller is in charge of specific type of device.
 The CPU and controllers can execute concurrently (at the same time )competing for memory
cycles.
 Memory controller synchronize access to the memory.
Storage Structure

Volatile:
Loses its contents
when power is
removed.

Non Volatile:
Retain its contents
even when power is
removed.
Types of Operating System

 Batch Operating System


 Multitasking OS
 Multiprogramming OS
 Multiprocessing OS
 Distributed OS
Batch Operating System

 The users of a batch operating system do not interact with the computer directly.
 Each user prepares his job on an off-line device like punch cards and submits it to the
computer operator.
 System will execute the jobs one by one.
Multiprogramming
0
 The capability of running multiple programs by the CPU. Main Memory
(RAM)
 Multiprogramming increases the CPU utilization by organizing jobs
(code and data) so that the CPU always has one to execute. Job 1

Job 2

Job 3

Job 4
512m
b
Multitasking (Time Sharing)

 CPU executes multiple jobs by switching among them.


 Very fast switching.
 A time sharing operating system allows many users to share the computer
simultaneously.
• Just to make it easy to remember, both multiprogramming and multitasking
operating systems are (CPU) time sharing systems. However, while in
multiprogramming (older OSs) one program as a whole keeps running until it
blocks, in multitasking (modern OSs) time sharing is best manifested because
each running process takes only a fair quantum of the CPU time.

Things to remember!
Multiprocessing

 Multiprocessing is the use of two or more central processing units (CPUs) within a single
computer system.
 The term also refers to the ability of a system to support more than one processor or the
ability to allocate tasks between them.
Operating System Services

 User Interface
 Allows the user to interact with the
computer.
 Command line interface (Terminal)
 Graphical user interface
 Program Execution
 Load the program into memory
 Execute the program.
 I/O Operations
 File system manipulation
 Creation, deletion, search
 Resource Allocation
BIOS(Basic Input Output System

 A firmware designed to be executed first when computer is turned on


 Function Is to identify , test and initialize system devices like hard disk .
 BIOS sets the machine in a state so that the operating system can be loaded , executed
and given control of a PC.
Important Terms and Definitions

 Bootloader
 Called by BIOS
 Initializes the OS during start up.
 It is stored in the ROM.
 It must know how to load the OS and start executing that system.
 It must locate and load OS kernel into memory.
 Process
 In computing, a process is an instance of a computer program that is being executed.
It contains the program code and its activity.
 Kernel
 A kernel is the central part of an operating system.
Quiz!

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