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    Chapter 12 Avionics

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    Muhammad Thariq
    The document summarizes the evolution of flight deck displays from early electromechanical instruments to modern glass cockpits. It describes key milestones like the introduction of the Boeing 747 with a 3-person crew and electromechanical instruments in the 1970s. It then outlines the transition to electronic displays using CRT and LCD technologies, starting with planes like the Boeing 757/767 and Airbus A320 in the 1980s. Finally, it discusses ongoing research into next generation flight decks focused on improved situational awareness, workload management, and error prevention.

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    Chapter 12 Avionics

    Uploaded by

    Muhammad Thariq
    81 views43 pages
    The document summarizes the evolution of flight deck displays from early electromechanical instruments to modern glass cockpits. It describes key milestones like the introduction of the Boeing 747 with a 3-person crew and electromechanical instruments in the 1970s. It then outlines the transition to electronic displays using CRT and LCD technologies, starting with planes like the Boeing 757/767 and Airbus A320 in the 1980s. Finally, it discusses ongoing research into next generation flight decks focused on improved situational awareness, workload management, and error prevention.

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    The document summarizes the evolution of flight deck displays from early electromechanical instruments to modern glass cockpits. It describes key milestones like the introduction of the Boeing 747 with a 3-person crew and electromechanical instruments in the 1970s. It then outlines the transition to electronic displays using CRT and LCD technologies, starting with planes like the Boeing 757/767 and Airbus A320 in the 1980s. Finally, it discusses ongoing research into next generation flight decks focused on improved situational awareness, workload management, and error prevention.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    81 views43 pages

    Chapter 12 Avionics

    Uploaded by

    Muhammad Thariq
    The document summarizes the evolution of flight deck displays from early electromechanical instruments to modern glass cockpits. It describes key milestones like the introduction of the Boeing 747 with a 3-person crew and electromechanical instruments in the 1970s. It then outlines the transition to electronic displays using CRT and LCD technologies, starting with planes like the Boeing 757/767 and Airbus A320 in the 1980s. Finally, it discusses ongoing research into next generation flight decks focused on improved situational awareness, workload management, and error prevention.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 43

    12.

    Flight Deck Display


    Muhammad Thariq
    13616118
    Boeing 747 cockpit evolution
    3-crew cockpit 2-crew cockpit
    Introduction
     Flight engineer replaced by ECAM (Airbus) | Boeing – EICAS
     CRT technology => AMLCD/Glass cockpit
     Flight crew role changed from Pilots to Managers of system
     HUD, EVS, SVS to increase crew situational awareness
     Modern flight deck: Smart and safe but when things go wrong,
    become quite challenging very quickly.
     Next gen: Crew-centric, simple & intuitive human-machine
    interface
    1st Gen Flight Deck: Electromagnetic
    Era
    Pioneers in manned flight evolution.
    Embryonic Primary Flight Instruments
     Smith and Sons Aviation
    Instrument Board => 1st
    PFD
     Contains: Altimeter,
    airspeed indicator,
    altitude, engine RPM
     Lacks: Compass
    The Early Pioneers
     The Wright Brothers
    (1903)
     Bleriot (1909)
     Lindbergh (1927)
     Lieutenant James
    Doolittle (1929)
    ‘Inside looking out’ Instrument
     Lieutenant James Doolittle
    convinced gyroscopic
    instruments together with
    radio navigation aids were
    the key to instrument flying.
     Doolittle followed the
    indications of a radio
    guidance system, a
    precursor to today’s (ILS),
    and used Kollsman precision
    altimeter and Sperry
    gyroscopic artificial horizon
    Sperry Artificial Horizon
     Sperry artificial horizon illustrates
    a very important principle.
     The aircraft representation
    (symbol) is ‘fixed’ in the centre of
    the instrument with its wings
    horizontal on each side.
     The artificial horizon moves
    relative to the fixed aircraft
    symbol to indicate pitch and roll
    attitude and therefore will be
    aligned with the real horizon as
    seen by the pilot if he looks
    forward through the windshield
    (i.e. ‘inside looking out’).
    ‘Classic’ Electromechanical Flight Deck
     1970s: Introduction to
    B747
     3-man crew: Capt, FO, &
    FE
     Little automation
     Primary flight
    instruments optimized
    into ‘Basic T’
    Basic T
     ADI combines: artificial horizon,
    ILS direction, turn and slip
    indicator
     HSI combines: compass, radio
    magnetic indicator, distance
    measuring indicator
     Altimeter & ASI:
    electromechanical servo-
    mechanism driven by signals
    from the airdata computer to
    indicate barometric altitude
    2nd Gen Flight Deck: Electro-optic
    Era
    Major milestones in glass flight deck evolution.
    The Advanced Civil Flight Deck
    Boeing 757 & 767
    Airbus A320, A330, & A340
    Boeing 747-400 & 777
    Airbus A380
    Boeing 787
    3rd Gen Flight Deck: Next Gen
    The role of flight crew has changed from pilots to managers of systems
    Loss of Situational Awareness in Adverse Operational
    Research Areas
    • pilot task analysis;
    • intention detection;
    • workload scheduling;
    • cognitive resource management;
    • user error anticipation;
    • adaptive interfaces;
    • drowsiness monitoring;
    • stress detection;
    • perseverance and funnelisation.
    Concepts
    Electronic Centralized Aircraft Monitor (ECAM) System
     ECAM SCHEDULING
    ECAM Moding
     The ECAM system has four display modes: automatic flight phase, advisory
    and failure-related modes, and manual.
    ECAM Pages
    ECAM EICAS
    Head-Up Display Visual Guidance
    System (HVGS)
    Intro to HVGS
    HVGS on Civil Transport A/C
    HVGS Installation
     display guidance computer
     overhead projector
     combiner
     control panel
     annunciator panel
    HVGS Symbology
     flight path vector
     boresight symbol
     longitudinal acceleration caret
     horizon line
     Heading
     desired approach speed
     airspeed
     altitude scale, bugs and trend
    arrows
     Annunciator
    Additional Symbology (ILS)
     instrument landing system
    (ILS) scales
     guidance cue
     glideslope reference line
     ‘speed error worm’
    Display System Architectures
    Check Farras slides
    Display Usability
    Regulatory Requirements
     FAA AC 25-11
     SAE AS 8034
     SAE ARP 1068
     SAE ARP 1874
     SAE ARP 4256
    Display Format and Symbology Guidelines
    Flight Deck Geometry
    Legibility
     Under ideal conditions a normal human eye with 20/20 vision can discriminate two lines
     or two pixels separated by about one minute of arc (1/60th of a degree). Thus for a digital
     display media such as an AMLCD viewed at a distance of 600 mm, the ideal (or retinal)
     display resolution would be around 5.7 pixels per mm (140 pixels per inch) with a degree of
     anti-aliasing to blur the edges of lines and reduce any potential for ratcheting or ‘staircasing’
     of rotating structures.
     Table 12.3 indicates some common COTS display resolutions, and the avionics display sizes
     each will support at a viewing distance of around 600 mm.
     It is generally recognised that symbol line widths should be of the order of 1 mr (3.5 arc
     minutes). A display object should subtend at least 12 minutes of arc and preferably 20 minutes
     of arc for any symbol that needs to be quickly assimilated. Symbol line width should be
     commensurate with font size.
    Colour
    Ambient Lighting Conditions
    FAA Advisory Circular AC 25-11 identifies four lighting conditions that should
    be considered in the display design:
     Direct sunlight falling on the display through a side window.
     Sunlight through a front window illuminating a shirtfront which is reflected in
    the display.
     Sun above the forward horizon and above a cloud deck reflecting into the
    pilots’ eyes (known as veiling glare).
     Night or dark environment in which the display brightness should be
    dimmable such that outside vision is not impaired.
    Photometric Definition
     Visible spectrum: The human eye is sensitive to all wavelengths in the
    electromagnetic spectrum from 380 (blue) to 760 nm (red).

     Illumination (or illuminance) is the density of radiant energy incident upon a


    receiving surface evaluated throughout the visible spectrum (the human eye
    response). The SI unit of illumination is the lux = 1 lumen/m2.

     Luminance (or photometric brightness) is the luminous flux radiated from a


    surface. The SI unit of measurement is the candela per square meter (cd/m2), also
    known as the nit.

     Contrast ratio is the ratio of the foreground luminance (the desired image
    content) against the background luminance (the undesired image content).
    HUD Tech
    Pupil-forming HUD
    Optical Waveguide HUD

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