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Computer Evolution and Performance

The evolution of computers has been characterized by increasing processor speed and decreasing component size. Memory size and I/O capacity and speed have also increased over time. Early computers like ENIAC used vacuum tubes and were programmed manually via switches. The stored program concept was developed, allowing programs and data to be stored in memory. Transistors replaced vacuum tubes, making computers smaller, cheaper, and more reliable. Microelectronics allowed ever more components to be placed on a single chip.

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68 views24 pages

Computer Evolution and Performance

The evolution of computers has been characterized by increasing processor speed and decreasing component size. Memory size and I/O capacity and speed have also increased over time. Early computers like ENIAC used vacuum tubes and were programmed manually via switches. The stored program concept was developed, allowing programs and data to be stored in memory. Transistors replaced vacuum tubes, making computers smaller, cheaper, and more reliable. Microelectronics allowed ever more components to be placed on a single chip.

Uploaded by

Priya Shah
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 2

Computer Evolution and


Performance
Computer Evolution and Performance

The evolution of computers has been


characterized by
 1. Increasing processor speed, decreasing
component size,
 2. Increasing memory size, and increasing I/O
capacity and speed.
Evolution of mode of usage
Parallel processing
Multiprocessing
n C, 1 p
n C, n p
Uniprogramming

1 C, 1 p Multitasking Computer network


Server
1 C, n p computer

Dedicated Batch Client Client


processing
1 C, 1 u, n p 1 C, n u, n p
Time sharing
ENIAC - background

 Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer


 Eckert and Mauchly
 University of Pennsylvania
 Trajectory tables for weapons
 Started 1943
 Finished 1946
 Too late for war effort
 Used until 1955
ENIAC - details

 Decimal (not binary)


 20 accumulators of 10 digits
 Programmed manually by switches
 18,000 vacuum tubes
 30 tons
 15,000 square feet
 140 kW power consumption
 5,000 additions per second
von Neumann/Turing

 Stored Program concept


 Main memory storing programs and data
 ALU operating on binary data
 Control unit interpreting instructions from memory
and executing
 Input and output equipment operated by control unit
 Princeton Institute for Advanced Studies
 IAS
 Completed 1952
Structure of von Nuemann
machine

Arithmetic and Logic Unit

Input
Output Main
Equipment Memory

Program Control Unit


IAS - details
 1000 x 40 bit words
 Binary number
 2 x 20 bit instructions
 Set of registers (storage in CPU)
 Memory Buffer Register
 Memory Address Register
 Instruction Register
 Instruction Buffer Register
 Program Counter
 Accumulator
 Multiplier Quotient
Structure of IAS - detail
Central Processing Unit
Arithmetic and Logic Unit

Accumulator MQ

Arithmetic & Logic Circuits

Input MBR
Output Instructions
& Data Main
Equipment
Memory

IBR PC
MAR
IR Control
Circuits
Address
Program Control Unit
Commercial Computers

 1947 - Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation


 UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer)
 US Bureau of Census 1950 calculations
 Became part of Sperry-Rand Corporation
 Late 1950s - UNIVAC II
 Faster
 More memory
IBM

 Punched-card processing equipment


 1953 - the 701
 IBM’s first stored program computer
 Scientific calculations
 1955 - the 702
 Business applications
 Lead to 700/7000 series
Transistors

 Replaced vacuum tubes


 Smaller
 Cheaper
 Less heat dissipation
 Solid State device
 Made from Silicon (Sand)
 Invented 1947 at Bell Labs
 William Shockley et al.
Transistor Based Computers

 Second generation machines


 NCR & RCA produced small transistor machines
 IBM 7000
 DEC - 1957
 Produced PDP-1
Microelectronics

 Literally - “small electronics”


 A computer is made up of gates, memory cells
and interconnections
 These can be manufactured on a semiconductor
 e.g. silicon wafer
Generations of Computer
 Vacuum tube - 1946-1957
 Transistor - 1958-1964
 Small scale integration - 1965 on
 Up to 100 devices on a chip
 Medium scale integration - to 1971
 100-3,000 devices on a chip
 Large scale integration - 1971-1977
 3,000 - 100,000 devices on a chip
 Very large scale integration - 1978 to date
 100,000 - 100,000,000 devices on a chip
 Ultra large scale integration
 Over 100,000,000 devices on a chip
Growth in CPU Transistor Count
IBM 360 series

 1964
 Replaced (& not compatible with) 7000 series
 First planned “family” of computers
 Similar or identical instruction sets
 Similar or identical O/S
 Increasing speed
 Increasing number of I/O ports (i.e. more terminals)
 Increased memory size
 Increased cost
 Multiplexed switch structure
DEC PDP-8

 1964
 First minicomputer (after miniskirt!)
 Did not need air conditioned room
 Small enough to sit on a lab bench
 $16,000
 $100k+ for IBM 360
 Embedded applications & OEM
 BUS STRUCTURE
Semiconductor Memory

 1970
 Fairchild
 Size of a single core
 i.e. 1 bit of magnetic core storage
 Holds 256 bits
 Non-destructive read
 Much faster than core
 Capacity approximately doubles each year
Intel

 1971 - 4004
 First microprocessor
 All CPU components on a single chip
 4 bit
 Followed in 1972 by 8008
 8 bit
 Both designed for specific applications
 1974 - 8080
 Intel’s first general purpose microprocessor
Speeding it up

 Pipelining
 On board cache
 On board L1 & L2 cache
 Branch prediction
 Data flow analysis
 Speculative execution
Performance Mismatch

 Processor speed increased


 Memory capacity increased
 Memory speed lags behind processor speed
Solutions

 Increase number of bits retrieved at one time


 Make DRAM “wider” rather than “deeper”
 Change DRAM interface
 Cache
 Reduce frequency of memory access
 More complex cache and cache on chip
 Increase interconnection bandwidth
 High speed buses
 Hierarchy of buses
Internet Resources

 http://www.intel.com/
 Search for the Intel Museum
 http://www.ibm.com
 http://www.dec.com
 Charles Babbage Institute
 PowerPC
 Intel Developer Home

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