Programming Fundamentals

5
605116

ISRA University
Faculty of IT

Textbook
BARBARA DOYLE “C# Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design 4th
Edition

Prepared by IT Faculty memebers 1

5 Loops

2
 Chapter Objectives
• Learn about conditional expressions that return
Boolean results and those that use the bool data
type
• Examine equality, relational, and logical operators
used with conditional expressions
• Write if selection type statements to include one-
way, two-way, and nested forms
• Learn about and write switch statements

3
 What Is Loop?
• A loop is a control statement that allows
repeating execution of a block of statements
– May execute a code block fixed number of
times
– May execute a code block while given
condition holds
– May execute a code block for each member of a
collection
• Loops that never end are called an infinite
loops
Using while(…) Loop
Repeating a Statement While
Given Condition Holds
 How To Use While Loop?
while (condition)
•{ The simplest and most frequently used loop
statements;
}
• The repeat condition
– Returns a boolean result of true or false
– Also called loop condition
While Loop – How It Works?

false
condition

true

statement
 While Loop – Example
int counter = 0;
while (counter < 10)
{
Console.WriteLine("Number : {0}", counter);
counter++;
}
while(…)
Examples
 Sum 1..N – Example
• Calculate and print the sum of the first N natural
numbers
Console.Write("n = ");
int n = int.Parse(Console.ReadLine());
int number = 1;
int sum = 1;
Console.Write("The sum 1");
while (number < n)
{
number++;
sum += number ;
Console.Write("+{0}", number);
}
Console.WriteLine(" = {0}", sum);
 Prime Number – Example
• Checking whether a number is prime or not
Console.Write("Enter a positive integer number: ");
uint number = uint.Parse(Console.ReadLine());
uint divider = 2;
uint maxDivider = (uint) Math.Sqrt(number);
bool prime = true;
while (prime && (divider <= maxDivider))
{
if (number % divider == 0)
{
prime = false;
}
divider++;
}
Console.WriteLine("Prime? {0}", prime);
 Using break Operator
• break operator exits the inner-most loop
static void Main()
{
int n = Convert.ToInt32(Console.ReadLine());
// Calculate n! = 1 * 2 * ... * n
int result = 1;
while (true)
{
if(n == 1)
break;
result *= n;
n--;
}
Console.WriteLine("n! = " + result);
}
do { … }
while (…)
Loop
 Using Do-While Loop
do
•{ Another loop structure is:
statements;
}
while (condition);

• The block of statements is repeated

– While the boolean loop condition holds
• The loop is executed at least once
Do-While Statement

statement
true

condition

false
do { … }
while (…)
Examples
 Factorial – Example
• Calculating N factorial
static void Main()
{
int n = Convert.ToInt32(Console.ReadLine());
int factorial = 1;

do
{
factorial *= n;
n--;
}
while (n > 0);

Console.WriteLine("n! = " + factorial);

}
 Product[N..M] – Example
• Calculating the product of all numbers in the
interval [n..m]:
int n = int.Parse(Console.ReadLine());
int m = int.Parse(Console.ReadLine());
int number = n;
decimal product = 1;
do
{
product *= number;
number++;
}
while (number <= m);
Console.WriteLine("product[n..m] = " + product);
for Loops
 For Loops
• The typical for loop syntax is:
for (initialization; test; update)
{
statements;
}
• Consists of
– Initialization statement
– Boolean test expression
– Update statement
– Loop body block
 The Initialization Expression
for (int number = 0; ...; ...)
{
// Can use number here
}
// Cannot use number here

• Executed once, just before the loop is entered

– Like it is out of the loop, before it
• Usually used to declare a counter variable
 The Test Expression
for (int number = 0; number < 10; ...)
{
// Can use number here
}
// Cannot use number here

• Evaluated before each iteration of the loop

– If true, the loop body is executed
– If false, the loop body is skipped
• Used as a loop condition
 The Update Expression
for (int number = 0; number < 10; number++)
{
// Can use number here
}
// Cannot use number here

• Executed at each iteration after the body of the

loop is finished
• Usually used to update the counter
for Loop
Examples
• A simple for-loop to print the numbers 0…9:
Simple for Loop – Example
for (int number = 0; number < 10; number++)
{
Console.Write(number + " ");
}

 A simple for-loop to calculate n!:

decimal factorial = 1;
for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++)
{
factorial *= i;
}
 Complex for Loop – Example
 Complex for-loops could have several counter
variables:
for (int i=1, sum=1; i<=128; i=i*2, sum+=i)
{
Console.WriteLine("i={0}, sum={1}", i, sum);
}

 Result:
i=1, sum=1
i=2, sum=3
i=4, sum=7
i=8, sum=15
...
26
 N^M – Example
• Calculating n to power m (denoted as n^m):
static void Main()
{
int n = int.Parse(Console.ReadLine());
int m = int.Parse(Console.ReadLine());
decimal result = 1;
for (int i=0; i<m; i++)
{
result *= n;
}
Console.WriteLine("n^m = " + result);
}
 Using continue Operator
• continue operator ends the iteration of the inner-
most loop
• Example: sum all odd numbers in [1, n]
that are not divisors of 7:
int n = int.Parse(Console.ReadLine());
int sum = 0;
for (int i = 1; i <= n; i += 2)
{
if (i % 7 == 0)
{
continue;
}
sum += i;
}
Console.WriteLine("sum = {0}", sum);
 foreach Loop
Iteration over a Collection
 For Loops
• The typical foreach loop syntax is:
foreach (Type element in collection)
{
statements;
}
• Iterates over all elements of a collection
– The element is the loop variable that takes
sequentially all collection values
– The collection can be list, array or other
group of elements of the same type
 foreach Loop – Example
• Example of foreach loop:
string[] days = new string[] {
"Monday", "Tuesday", "Wednesday", "Thursday",
"Friday", "Saturday", "Sunday" };
foreach (String day in days)
{
Console.WriteLine(day);
}

 The above loop iterates of the array of days

 The variable day takes all its values
 Nested Loops
Using Loops Inside a Loop
 What Is Nested Loop?
• A composition of loops is called a nested loop
– A loop inside another loop
• Example:

for (initialization; test; update)

{
for (initialization; test; update)
{
statements;
}
…
}
Nested Loops
Examples
 Triangle – Example
• Print the following triangle:
1
1 2
…
1 2 3 ... n
int n = int.Parse(Console.ReadLine());
for(int row = 1; row <= n; row++)
{
for(int column = 1; column <= row; column++)
{
Console.Write("{0} ", column);
}
Console.WriteLine();
}
 Primes[N, M] – Example
• Print all prime numbers in the interval [n, m]:
int n = int.Parse(Console.ReadLine());
int m = int.Parse(Console.ReadLine());
for (int number = n; number <= m; number++)
{
bool prime = true;
int divider = 2;
int maxDivider = Math.Sqrt(num);
while (divider <= maxDivider)
{
if (number % divider == 0)
{
prime = false;
break;
}
divider++;
}
if (prime)
{
Console.Write("{0} ", number);
}
}
 C# Jump Statements
• Jump statements are:
– break, continue, goto
• How continue woks?
– In while and do-while loops jumps to the test
expression
– In for loops jumps to the update expression
• To exit an inner loop use break
• To exit outer loops use goto with a label
– Avoid using goto! (it is considered harmful)
 C# Jump Statements – Example
int outerCounter = 0;
for (int outer = 0; outer < 10; outer++)
{
for (int inner = 0; inner < 10; inner++)
{
if (inner % 3 == 0)
continue;
if (outer == 7)
break;
Label if (inner + outer > 9)
goto breakOut;
}
outerCounter++;
}
breakOut: