The document provides information on infrared (IR) spectroscopy, including:
- IR spectra are used to identify functional groups based on their characteristic absorption frequencies between 600-4000 cm-1.
- Only vibrational, not electronic, transitions are observed.
- The fingerprint region between 500-1500 cm-1 provides a unique pattern for identifying compounds.
- Absorption intensity depends on bond polarity.
- Common bonds like C=O, C-H, O-H, C-Cl each absorb in distinguishable regions.
The document provides information on infrared (IR) spectroscopy, including:
- IR spectra are used to identify functional groups based on their characteristic absorption frequencies between 600-4000 cm-1.
- Only vibrational, not electronic, transitions are observed.
- The fingerprint region between 500-1500 cm-1 provides a unique pattern for identifying compounds.
- Absorption intensity depends on bond polarity.
- Common bonds like C=O, C-H, O-H, C-Cl each absorb in distinguishable regions.
The document provides information on infrared (IR) spectroscopy, including:
- IR spectra are used to identify functional groups based on their characteristic absorption frequencies between 600-4000 cm-1.
- Only vibrational, not electronic, transitions are observed.
- The fingerprint region between 500-1500 cm-1 provides a unique pattern for identifying compounds.
- Absorption intensity depends on bond polarity.
- Common bonds like C=O, C-H, O-H, C-Cl each absorb in distinguishable regions.
The document provides information on infrared (IR) spectroscopy, including:
- IR spectra are used to identify functional groups based on their characteristic absorption frequencies between 600-4000 cm-1.
- Only vibrational, not electronic, transitions are observed.
- The fingerprint region between 500-1500 cm-1 provides a unique pattern for identifying compounds.
- Absorption intensity depends on bond polarity.
- Common bonds like C=O, C-H, O-H, C-Cl each absorb in distinguishable regions.
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IR SPECTROSCOPY
Part 2/3 IB CHEMISTRY Understanding IR region & spectra (vibrational & rotational spectra) • IR spectra is used to identify functional groups • IR region extends from wave number of 600 cm-1 to 4000 cm-1 • IR radiations is not energetic to excite the electron to higher level but can bring about changes in vibrational motions. • Vibrational motion in a molecule depends on 1) Bond strength 2) mass of atom • Two types of vibrational motions exists namely - Reason for IR spectra • Intensity of absorption depends on * polar nature polarity of bonds * dipole moment • Non-polar molecules do not exhibit * partial charges IR spectra due to absence of dipoles * Absorption of IR radiation • Existence of H bonds can be * Electric field of IR radiations excite detected the vibrational energy of molecule at • H bond between hydroxyl groups different rate of vibration changes the OH vibrations * Change in dipole moment & hence • Molecules with several bonds IR active vibrate to different extent(finger * close packed absorption bands print region 500 cm-1 to 1500 cm- 1) FINGERPRINT REGION
• organic molecules have a lot of C-C and C-H bonds within their structure • spectra obtained will have peaks in the 1400 cm -1 to 800 cm-1 range • this is referred to as the “fingerprint” region • the pattern obtained is characteristic of a particular compound the frequency
of any absorption is also affected by adjoining atoms or groups.
IR spectrum of ethyl ethanoate, CH3COOCH2CH3
C-H
C=O “fingerprint region”
• The energy needed to excite the bonds in a molecule and so make them vibrate with greater amplitude, occurs in the IR region.
• A bond will only interact with the electromagnetic infrared radiation, however, if it is polar. The presence of separate areas of partial positive and negative charge in a molecule allows the electric field component of the electromagnetic wave to excite the vibrational energy of the molecule.
• The change in the vibrational energy produces a corresponding change in the
dipole moment of the molecule. The intensity of the absorptions depends on the polarity of the bond. Symmetrical non-polar bonds in N≡N and O=O do not absorb radiation, as they cannot interact with an electric field.
A bond will absorb radiation of a frequency similar to its vibration(s)
normal vibration vibration having absorbed energy
Stretching in Stretching & bending in poly atomic molecules hydrogen halides • Only stretching motions • HCl has higher frequency than HBr due to …… energy & lower relative atomic mass
Ability of carbon dioxide to absorb & re-emit IR makes it effective heat trapping green house gas Vibrations of H2O, SO2 & CO2 Molecule Asymmetrical Symmetrical Symmetrical stretching stretching bending - - - O O O H2O + H H + + H H + + H H + IR active IR active IR active
+ + + S S S SO2 - O O - - O O - - O O - IR active IR active IR active
- + - - + - - + - CO2 O C O O C O O C O IR active IR inactive IR active INFRA RED SPECTRA - USES
IDENTIFICATION OF The presence of bonds such as O-H
PARTICULAR BONDS and C=O within a molecule can be IN A MOLECULE confirmed because they have characteristic peaks in identifiable parts of the spectrum. INFRA RED SPECTRA - USES
IDENTIFICATION OF The presence of bonds such as O-H
PARTICULAR BONDS and C=O within a molecule can be IN A MOLECULE confirmed because they have characteristic peaks in identifiable parts of the spectrum.
IDENTIFICATION OF The only way to completely identify
COMPOUNDS BY DIRECT a compound using IR is to compare COMPARISON OF SPECTRA its spectrum with a known sample. The part of the spectrum known as the ‘Fingerprint Region’ is unique to each compound. INFRA RED SPECTRA - INTERPRETATION
Infra-red spectra are complex due to the many vibrations in each molecule. Total characterisation of a substance based only on its IR spectrum is almost impossible unless one has computerised data handling facilities for comparison of the obtained spectrum with one in memory. However, the technique is useful when used in conjunction with other methods such as nuclear magnetic resonance (nmr) spectroscopy and mass spectroscopy.
Peak position depends on bond strength
masses of the atoms joined by the bond
strong bonds and light atoms absorb at lower wavenumbers
weak bonds and heavy atoms absorb at high wavenumbers
INFRA RED SPECTRA - INTERPRETATION
Vertical axis Absorbance the stronger the absorbance the larger the peak
Horizontal axis Frequency wavenumber (waves per centimetre) / cm-1
Wavelength microns (m); 1 micron = 1000 nanometres IR SPECTRUM OF A CARBONYL COMPOUND
• carbonyl compounds show a sharp, strong absorption between 1700 and 1760 cm -1 • this is due to the presence of the C=O bond IR SPECTRUM OF AN ALCOHOL
• alcohols show a broad absorption between 3200 and 3600 cm -1
• this is due to the presence of the O-H bond IR SPECTRUM OF A CARBOXYLIC ACID
• carboxylic acids show a broad absorption between 3200 and 3600 cm -1
• this is due to the presence of the O-H bond • they also show a strong absorption around 1700 cm -1 • this is due to the presence of the C=O bond IR SPECTRUM OF AN ESTER
• esters show a strong absorption between 1750 cm -1 and 1730 cm-1
• this is due to the presence of the C=O bond NOTE • Lighter atoms vibrate at high frequency • Multiple bonds vibrate at higher frequency than single bonds • HCl vibrates at higher frequency than HBr or HI • Which requires more energy/more frequency? • Aldehyde and ketone cannot be distinguished • 100% transmittance is no absorption & 0% transmittance is total absorption • General approach to analysing infrared spectra ■ Examine the spectrum from left to right, starting at 4000 cm–1. ■ Note which are the strongest absorptions and attempt to match them to the data book let ■ Note any absence of peaks in important areas. ■ Do not attempt to match all the peaks, especially in the fingerprint region. IR spectrum of ethanol, CH3CH2OH Propanone • The baseline at the top corresponds to 100% transmittance and the key features are the troughs which occur at the natural frequencies of the bonds present in the molecule. • The absorption at just below 1800 cm–1 shows the presence of the C= O bond and the absorption near 3000 cm–1 is due to the presence of the C– H bond. The more polar C= O bond produces the more intense absorption. Ethanol • The presence of the C–H bond can again been seen near 3000 cm–1 in the spectrum of ethanol. • The broad peak at just below 3400 cm–1 shows the presence of hydrogen bonding which is due to the hydroxyl (OH) group. WHAT IS IT!
One can tell the difference between alcohols, aldehydes and
