CE-402: Design of Reinforced

Concrete-II

Dr.Muhammad.Yaqub
(PhD Structural Engineering, The University of Manchester,UK)

Professor
Civil Engineering Department
University of Engineering & Technology Taxila
 Direct Design Method
Part – II
• Shear Design for Two-Way Slab System
without Beams
(Flat Plates and Flat Slabs)
 Direct Design Method
• Shear Strength of Slab without beams:-
There are two types of shear that needs to
be addressed.

 (a) One-way shear or beam shear at

distance “d” from the column

 (b) Two-way or punch out shear which

occurs along a truncated cone.
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• Critical Section for Shear Design

 In shear design of beams, the critical section

is taken at a distance “d” from the face of the
support
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 Direct Design Method
• Critical Section for Shear Design
 In shear design of flat plates, the critical
section is an area taken at a distance “d/2”
from all face of the support.
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Punching Shear: Critical Perimeter, bo
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Punching Shear: Critical Perimeter, bo
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Punching Shear: Critical Perimeter, bo
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 Direct Design Method
Shear design in flat plates & flat slabs.
Punching shear:
For punching shear
ΦVn = ΦVc + ΦVs
ΦVc is least of (a), (b), and (c).
(a) ΦVc = Φ4√ (fc′)bod
(b) ΦVc = (2 + 4/βc) √ (fc′)bod
(c) {(αsd/bo +2} √ (fc′)bod
βc = longer side of column/shorter side of column
αs = 40 for interior column
= 30 for edge column
=20 for corner columns
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• When ΦVc ≥ Vu (Φ = 0.75) O.K, Nothing required. #

• When ΦVc < Vu, then either increase ΦVc by:

• (a) Increasing d ,depth of slab ( Drop Panel)

• (b) Increasing bo, critical shear perimeter (Column capital)
• (c) fc′ (high Strength Concrete)
• Or provide shear reinforcement in the form of:
• (a) Shear heads
• (b) Bent Bars
• (c) Integral beams
• (d) Shear studs.
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• Drop Panels and Column Capitals:
 (1) Drop panel:
A drop panel with dimensions conforming
to ACI 9.5.3.2 and13.3.7.1 can be used for:
• (i) Increasing the area of critical shear
perimeter.
• (ii) Increasing the depth of slab, reducing the
amount of negative reinforcement.
• (iii) Stiffening slab and reducing deflections.
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• ACI 13.3.7.1 states that drop panel shall
extend in each direction from and of the
support a distance not less than 1/6 of the span
length measured from centre of supports in
that direction.
• ACI 13.3.7.2 states that Projection of drop
panel below the slab shall be at least one-
quarter the slab thickness beyond the drop.
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• Drop Panel
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 Column Capitals:
• Occasionally, the top of the columns will be flared outward, as
shown in figure.
• This is done to provide a larger shear perimeter at the column and to
reduce the clear span, ln, used in computing moments.
• ACI 13.1.2 requires the column capital should be oriented no greater than
45 degree to the axis of the column
• ACI 6.4.6 requires that the capital concrete be placed at the same time as
the slab concrete. As a result, the floor forming becomes considerably
more complicated and expensive
• For this reason, other alternatives, such as drop panels or shear
reinforcement in the slab, should be considered before capitals are selected.
• If capital must be used, it is desirable to use the same size throughout the
project.
• The increased perimeter can be computed by equating Vu to ΦVc
and simplifying the resulting equation for b0
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• The diameter or effective dimension of the
capital, “dc” or “c”, is defined in ACI 13.1.2
as that part of the capital lying within the
largest circular cone or pyramid with a
90degree vertex that can be induced within the
outlines of the supporting column.
• The diameter is measured at the bottom of the
slab or drop panel, as illustrated in figure
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 Direct Design Method
Shear Reinforcements:
 Shear Heads:
• The shear heads shown in Fig. consist of standard structural steel shapes embedded
in the slab and projecting beyond the column.

• They serve to increase the effective perimeter bo of the critical section for shear.

• In addition, they may contribute to the negative bending resistance of the slab.

• It consists of short lengths of I or wide-flange beams, cut and welded at the

crossing point so that the arms are continuous through the column.

• Normal negative slab reinforcement passes over the top of the structural steel,
while bottom bars are stopped short of the shear head.

• Column bars pass vertically at the corners of the column.

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 Direct Design Method
 Bent-bar:
• The bent-bar arrangement in Fig. is suited for
use with concrete columns.
• The bars are usually bent at 45° across the
potential diagonal tension crack, and extend
along the bottom of the slab a distance
sufficient to develop their strength by bond.
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 Direct Design Method
 Integral Beams:
• Another type of shear reinforcement is illustrated in Fig. where
vertical stirrups have been used in conjunction with supplementary
horizontal bars radiating outward in two perpendicular directions from the
support to form what are termed integral beams contained entirely within
the slab thickness.
• These beams act in the same general way as the shear heads shown in Fig..
• Adequate anchorage of the stirrups is difficult in slabs thinner than about
10 in.
• ACI 11.12.3 requires the slab effective depth d to be at least 6 in., but not
less than 16 times the diameter of the shear reinforcement.
• In all cases, closed hoop stirrups should be used with a large diameter
horizontal bar at each bend point, and the stirrups must be terminated with
a standard hook.
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Direct Design Method
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Integral Beams (Vertical Stirrups)
• Vertical stirrups are used in conjunction with
supplementary horizontal bars radiating
outward in two perpendicular directions from
the support to form what are termed integral
beams contained entirely within the slab
thickness.
• In such a way, critical perimeter is increased
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 Shear Stud:
• A more recent development is the shear stud reinforcement shown in Fig.
This consists of large-head studs welded to steel strips

• The strips are supported on wire chairs during construction to maintain the
required concrete cover to the bottom of the slab below the strip and the
usual cover is maintained over the top of the head
.
• Because of the positive anchorage provided by the stud head and the steel
strip, these devices are more effective, according to tests, than either the
bent bar or integral beam reinforcement.

• In addition, they can be placed more easily, with less interference with
other reinforcement, than other types of shear steel.
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Design for punching shear:
• Design Problem 02 (pg 455, Nelson 13th Ed):
A flat plate has thickness h = 7 ½ in and is supported
by 18″ square columns spaced 20 ft on centers each
way. The floor will carry a total factored load of 300
psf. Check the adequacy of the slab in resisting
punching shear at a typical interior column, and
provide shear reinforcement, if needed. d = 6 in,
fc′ = 4000 psi, fy = 60000 psi.
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 Direct Design Method
Solution:
• (a) Vu = 300{(20)2 – (2)2}
= 118800 lb = 118.8 k
• (b) Shear capacity of concrete in punching
shear:
• ΦVc = 0.75 × 4 √ (fc′) bod bo = 2(c1 + d)
+2(c2 + d) bo = 4(18 + 6) = 96″
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ΦVc = 0.75 × 4 √ (4000) × 96 × 6/1000 = 109 k
ΦVc < Vu
Options
 (i) Capital:
Determine minimum (bo). Equating the applied
critical shear to shear capacity.
Vu = ΦVc
118.8 = 0.75 × 4 √ (fc′) × bo × 6 bo = 104.5″
Now bo = 4 (c + d) = 4(c + 6) =104.5
c = 20.13 ≈ 21″
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According to ACI code, θ < 45o

Let θ = 30degree, then y = 2.6″
For θ = 20degree, then y = 4″
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(ii) Drop panel: To determine the minimum “d”
required.
Vu = ΦVc
118.8 = 0.75 × 4 × √ (4000) × 96 × d/1000
d = 6.5″ and h = 6.5 + 1.5 = 8″
Thickness of drop panel = 2″ (say) {h/4, ACI
recommendation}
h = 2 + 7.5 = 9.5″
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 Direct Design Method

Increasing column size or slab thickness

(overall) would not be economical.
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Shear reinforcement:
(a) Bent bar reinforcement: When bent bars are
to be used, ACI 11.12.3 reduces ΦVc by 2.
ΦVc = Φ × 4 × √ (fc′) × bo × d
Therefore, ΦVc = 109/2 = 54.5 kip
Reinforcement required
Av = (Vu – ΦVc)/ Φfysinα
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 Direct Design Method
• Av = (118.8 – 54.5)/ (0.75 × 60 × sin45o) =
2.03 in square
• Using total 4 bars (two in each direction),
providing 8 legs crossing the critical section,
the area per bar = 2.03/8 = 0.25, using # 5 bar.
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According to ACI,
Vs = Vu – ΦVc = Avfysinα is not to exceed
3√ (fc′)bod.
3√ (fc′)bod = 3 × √ (4000) × 96 × 6/1000 =
109 kip
Vs = 2.4 × 60 × sin45 = 100 O.K.
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 Direct Design Method
(b) Stirrup reinforcement:
Using 3/8″ Φ, 2 legged (0.22 in2), 4 (side) = 4 × 0.22
= 0.88 inch square
Spacing (s) = ΦAvfyd/ (Vu – ΦVc)
s = 0.75 × 0.88 × 60 × 6/ (118.8 – 54.5) = 3.68 ≈ 3.5″
Maximum spacing allowed d/2 = 6/2 = 3″ controls.
Four #5 bars are to be provided in each direction to
hold the stirrups. The beams such formed should be
extended to a length at which bo can provide shear
capacity.
 Direct Design Method
bo = 4R + 4c1
R = √ (x2 + x2)
x = (3/4)(lv – c1/2) R = √ (2) x
bo = 4√ (2) x + 4c1
bo = 4√ (2){(3/4)(lv – c1/2)} + 4c1
Or bo = 4.24lv – 2.12c1 + 4c1= 4.24lv + 1.88c1
Therefore lv = 16.67 ≈ 17″
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Direct Design Method
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• Design Pb. 03: Design the slab for the building
shown below. (Follow the Direct Design
• Method).
• Data Given:
• A 60′ × 45′ building, divided into nine (9) panels,
supported at their ends on columns. Each panel
is 20′ × 15′.
• fc′ = 4 ksi fy = 60 ksi
• Height of building = 10′
• Column dimensions = 14″ × 14″
• Live load = 144 psf
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• Solution: -
• The given slab system satisfies all the
necessary limitations for Direct Design
Method to be applicable.
• Step No 1: Sizes for slab and columns.
• Slab: To find minimum slab thickness (hf),
ACI 9.5.3.2 {ACI Table 9.5 (c) or table
• 13.50, Nelson 13th Ed} will be used.
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 Direct Design Method
• For our case (Slab without drop panels, interior
and edge beams)
• hf = ln/30 (Exterior panel)
• hf = ln/33 (Interior panels)
• Exterior panel governs. Therefore, hf = ln/30
• = [{20 – (2 × 14/2)/12}/30] × 12 = 7.53″
(Minimum requirement)
• Take hf = 8″; as there are no beams; α = 0
• Columns: Let the column dimensions = 14″ ×
14″.
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• Step No 2: Load on slab.
• Service Dead Load (D.L) = γslabhf = 0.15
× (8/12) = 0.1 ksf
• Service Live Load (L.L) = 144 psf or 0.144
ksf
• Factored Load (wu) = 1.2D.L + 1.6L.L
• = 1.2 × 0.1 + 1.6 × 0.144 = 0.3504 ksf
•
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• Step No 3: Analysis.
• Though four frames are required to be analyzed for this
specific slab system, only two of the frames will be analyzed
and designed for demonstration purpose. The details are given
in appendix A.
• I. Analysis of E-W Interior Frame.
• Step (A): Frame Data.
• Design Span of frame (c/c) = l1 = 20′
• Design Length of frame = ln = 20 – (2 × 14/2)/12 = 18.83′
• Width of frame = l2 = 15′
• Column strip width = (Shorter span)/ 4 = 15/4 = 3.75′
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 Direct Design Method
• Step (B): Total static moment.
• 2
• Mo = wul2ln /8 (for Mo, l2 is the width of
the frame)
• = 0.3504 × 15 × 18.832/8 = 233 ft-k
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Step (C): Longitudinal distribution of Total static moment (Mo).
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• Step (D): Lateral Distribution of Longitudinal
moment (L.M).
• α=0
• l2/l1 = 15/20 = 0.75 {l2 shall be taken as full
span length irrespective of frame location
(exterior or interior)}
• αl2/l1 = 0
• βt = 0
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Direct Design Method
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• Step (E): Moment transferred to columns.
• Exterior column (C3) moment =
L.M……………………..……….……..……… (A)
• = 61 ft-k
• Interior column (C4) moment =
(0.65/8)x{0.5xwuLLx l2xln2}……………………..
(B)
• = (0.65/8) x {0.5x (1.6x0.144) x 15 x 18.832}
• = 49.78 ft-k
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II. Analysis of E-W Exterior Frame.
Step (A): Frame Data.
Design Span of frame (c/c) = l1 = 20′
Design Length of frame = ln = 20 – (2 x 14/2)/12
= 18.83′
Width of frame = l2 = (15/2) + 14/(2 x 12) =
8.08′
Column strip width = (shorter span)/ 4 = 15/4 =
3.75′
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 Direct Design Method

• Step (B): Total static moment.

• Mo = wul2ln2/8
• = 0.3504 x 8.08 x 18.832/8 = 126 ft-k
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• Step (C): Longitudinal distribution of Total
static moment (Mo).
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• Step (D): Lateral Distribution of
Longitudinal moment (L.M).
• α=0
• l2/l1 = 15/20 = 0.75
• αl2/l1 = 0
• βt = 0 (no edge beam)
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 Direct Design Method
• Step (E): Moment transferred to columns.
• Exterior column (C1) moment = L.M
………………………….…………… (A)
• =33 ft-k
• Interior column (C2) moment = (0.65/8)
{0.5wuLLl2ln2}………..………….… (B)
• = (0.65/8) x {0.5 x (1.6 x 0.144) x 8.08 x 18.832}
• = 27 ft-k
•
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• Step No 4: Design.
• (1) Design of Slab strips:
• (A) E-W Interior slab strip:
• ds = hf – ¾ - (4/8)/2 = 8 – 1 =7″
• Asmin = 0.0018x 12 x 8 = 0.1728 in2 (ρmin =
0.002, in terms of actual effective depth)
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• (B) E-W Exterior slab strip:
• ds = hf – 1 = 8 – 1 =7″
• Asmin = 0.0018x 12 x 8 = 0.1728 in2
(ρmin = 0.002, in terms of actual effective
depth)
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• (2) Shear Design for Flat-plate:
• (i) At Column C1:
• hf = 8″
• d = 8 – 1 = 7″
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 Direct Design Method
• (a) Vu = 0.3504{(7.5 x 10) – (17.5/12)2}
• = 25.53 k
• (b) Shear capacity of concrete in punching
shear:
• ΦVc = 0.75 x 4 √ (fc′) bod bo = (c1 + d/2) +(c2 +
d/2) bo = 2(14 + 7/2) = 35″
• ΦVc = 0.75 x 4 √ (4000) x 35 x 7/1000 = 46.48 k
• ΦVc > Vu, O.K.
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(ii) At Column C2:
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• (a) Vu = 0.3504{(7.5 x 20) – (21 x 17.5/144)}
• = 51.66 k
• (b) Shear capacity of concrete in punching
shear:
• ΦVc = 0.75 x 4 √ (fc′) bod bo = (c1 + d) +2(c2 +
d/2)
• bo = (14 + 7) +2(14 + 7/2) = 56″
• ΦVc = 0.75 x 4 √ (4000) x 56 x 7/1000 = 74.37 k
• ΦVc > Vu, O.K.
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(iii) At Column C3:
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• (a) Vu = 0.3504{(10 x 15) – (21 x 17.5/144)}
• = 51.66 k
• (b) Shear capacity of concrete in punching
shear:
• ΦVc = 0.75 x 4 √ (fc′) bod bo = 2(c1 + d/2) +(c2
+ d)
• bo = 2(14 + 7/2) + (14 + 7) = 56″
• ΦVc = 0.75 x 4 √ (4000) x 56 x 7/1000 = 74.37 k
• ΦVc > Vu, O.K.
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(iv) At Column C4:
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• (a) Vu = 0.3504{(20 x 15) – (21 x 21/144)}
• = 104 k
• (b) Shear capacity of concrete in punching
shear:
• ΦVc = 0.75 x 4 √ (fc′) bod bo = 2(c1 + d)
+2(c2 + d) bo = 4(14 + 7) = 84″
• ΦVc = 0.75 x 4 √ (4000) x 84 x 7/1000 =
111 k
• ΦVc > Vu, O.K.
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• Step No 5: Detailing.
• All the frames may be analyzed and
designed by the same procedure as given
in steps of analysis and design. However,
the complete detail of reinforcement
placement in slab is given below
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Direct Design Method