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Authentication Applications: Henric Johnson Blekinge Institute of Technology, Sweden Henric - Johnson@bth - Se

(1) The document discusses authentication methods including Kerberos and X.509. Kerberos provides centralized authentication using tickets and relies on symmetric encryption. X.509 uses public key certificates signed by certificate authorities to authenticate users. (2) Kerberos versions 4 and 5 are described, with version 5 adding features like inter-realm authentication. Kerberos uses encryption techniques like DES and PCBC mode. (3) X.509 certificates bind a user's identity to their public key and are signed by a certificate authority. Certificates can be revoked if keys are compromised.

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89 views24 pages

Authentication Applications: Henric Johnson Blekinge Institute of Technology, Sweden Henric - Johnson@bth - Se

(1) The document discusses authentication methods including Kerberos and X.509. Kerberos provides centralized authentication using tickets and relies on symmetric encryption. X.509 uses public key certificates signed by certificate authorities to authenticate users. (2) Kerberos versions 4 and 5 are described, with version 5 adding features like inter-realm authentication. Kerberos uses encryption techniques like DES and PCBC mode. (3) X.509 certificates bind a user's identity to their public key and are signed by a certificate authority. Certificates can be revoked if keys are compromised.

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ishita chakraborty
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 4

Authentication
Applications
Henric Johnson
Blekinge Institute of Technology,Sweden
http://www.its.bth.se/staff/hjo/
[email protected]
Henric Johnson 1
Outline
• Security Concerns
• Kerberos
• X.509 Authentication Service
• Recommended reading and Web Sites

Henric Johnson 2
Security Concerns
• key concerns are confidentiality and
timeliness
• to provide confidentiality must encrypt
identification and session key info
• which requires the use of previously shared
private or public keys
• need timeliness to prevent replay attacks
• provided by using sequence numbers or
timestamps or challenge/response

Henric Johnson 3
KERBEROS

In Greek mythology, a many headed dog,


the guardian of the entrance of Hades
Henric Johnson 4
KERBEROS
• Users wish to access services on
servers.
• Three threats exist:
– User pretend to be another user.
– User alter the network address of a
workstation.
– User eavesdrop on exchanges and use a
replay attack.
Henric Johnson 5
KERBEROS
• Provides a centralized authentication
server to authenticate users to
servers and servers to users.
• Relies on conventional encryption,
making no use of public-key
encryption
• Two versions: version 4 and 5
• Version 4 makes use of DES
Henric Johnson 6
Kerberos Version 4
• Terms:
– C = Client
– AS = authentication server
– V = server
– IDc = identifier of user on C
– IDv = identifier of V
– Pc = password of user on C
– ADc = network address of C
– Kv = secret encryption key shared by AS an V
– TS = timestamp
– || = concatenationHenric Johnson 7
A Simple Authentication
Dialogue
(1) C  AS: IDc || Pc || IDv
(2) AS  C: Ticket
(3) C  V: IDc || Ticket

Ticket = EKv[IDc || Pc || IDv]

Henric Johnson 8
Version 4 Authentication
Dialogue
• Problems:
– Lifetime associated with the ticket-granting
ticket
– If to short  repeatedly asked for password
– If to long  greater opportunity to replay
• The threat is that an opponent will steal the
ticket and use it before it expires

Henric Johnson 9
Version 4 Authentication Dialogue
Authentication Service Exhange: To obtain Ticket-Granting Ticket
(1) C  AS: IDc || IDtgs ||TS1
(2) AS  C: EKc [Kc,tgs|| IDtgs || TS2 || Lifetime2 || Tickettgs]

Ticket-Granting Service Echange: To obtain Service-Granting Ticket


(3) C  TGS: IDv ||Tickettgs ||Authenticatorc
(4) TGS  C: EKc [Kc,¨v|| IDv || TS4 || Ticketv]

Client/Server Authentication Exhange: To Obtain Service


(5) C  V: Ticketv || Authenticatorc
(6) V  C: EKc,v[TS5 +1]
Henric Johnson 10
Overview of Kerberos

Henric Johnson 11
Request for Service in
Another Realm

Henric Johnson 12
Difference Between
Version 4 and 5
• Encryption system dependence (V.4 DES)
• Internet protocol dependence
• Message byte ordering
• Ticket lifetime
• Authentication forwarding
• Interrealm authentication

Henric Johnson 13
Kerberos Encryption Techniques

Henric Johnson 14
PCBC Mode

Henric Johnson 15
Kerberos - in practise
• Currently have two Kerberos versions:
• 4 : restricted to a single realm
• 5 : allows inter-realm authentication, in beta test
• Kerberos v5 is an Internet standard
• specified in RFC1510, and used by many utilities
• To use Kerberos:
• need to have a KDC on your network
• need to have Kerberised applications running on all participating systems
• major problem - US export restrictions
• Kerberos cannot be directly distributed outside the US in source format
(& binary versions must obscure crypto routine entry points and have no
encryption)
• else crypto libraries must be reimplemented locally

Henric Johnson 16
X.509 Authentication
Service
• Distributed set of servers that
maintains a database about users.
• Each certificate contains the public
key of a user and is signed with the
private key of a CA.
• Is used in S/MIME, IP Security,
SSL/TLS and SET.
• RSA is recommended to use.
Henric Johnson 17
X.509 Formats

Henric Johnson 18
Typical Digital Signature
Approach

Henric Johnson 19
Obtaining a User’s
Certificate
• Characteristics of certificates
generated by CA:
– Any user with access to the public key of
the CA can recover the user public key
that was certified.
– No part other than the CA can modify
the certificate without this being
detected.

Henric Johnson 20
X.509 CA Hierarchy

Henric Johnson 21
Revocation of Certificates
• Reasons for revocation:
– The users secret key is assumed to be
compromised.
– The user is no longer certified by this
CA.
– The CA’s certificate is assumed to be
compromised.

Henric Johnson 22
Authentication Procedures

Henric Johnson 23
Recommended Reading and
WEB Sites
• www.whatis.com (search for kerberos)
• Bryant, W. Designing an Authentication
System: A Dialogue in Four Scenes.
http://web.mit.edu/kerberos/www/dialogue.html
• Kohl, J.; Neuman, B. “The Evolotion of
the Kerberos Authentication Service”
http://web.mit.edu/kerberos/www/papers.html
• http://www.isi.edu/gost/info/kerberos/
Henric Johnson 24

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