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Fundamentals of DIP

This document discusses fundamental concepts in digital image processing. It defines key terms like image, pixel, grayscale, color models, resolution, and the steps involved in digital image processing. It also explains concepts such as image acquisition, storage, processing, display, sampling, quantization, geometric transformations, and luminance.

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Neeraj Idnani
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66 views8 pages

Fundamentals of DIP

This document discusses fundamental concepts in digital image processing. It defines key terms like image, pixel, grayscale, color models, resolution, and the steps involved in digital image processing. It also explains concepts such as image acquisition, storage, processing, display, sampling, quantization, geometric transformations, and luminance.

Uploaded by

Neeraj Idnani
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING

Dr. Varun P. Gopi


Fundamentals of Image Processing
• What is Image?
– An image may be defined as two dimensional light intensity
function f (x, y) where x and y denote spatial co-ordinate and
the amplitude or value of f at any point (x, y) is called intensity
or grayscale or brightness of the image at that point.
• What is Dynamic Range?
– The range of values spanned by the gray scale is called dynamic
range of an image.
– Image will have high contrast, if the dynamic range is high and
image will have dull washed out gray look if the dynamic range
is low.
• Brightness
– Brightness of an object is the perceived luminance of the
surround. Two objects with different surroundings would have
identical luminance but different brightness.
Fundamentals of Image Processing

• What do you meant by Gray level?


– Gray level refers to a scalar measure of intensity that ranges
from black to gray and finally to white.
• What do you meant by Color model?
– Color model is a specification of 3D-coordinates system and a
subspace within that system where each color is represented by a
single point.
• Hardware oriented color models
– RGB model
– CMY model
– YIQ model
– HSI model
Fundamentals of Image Processing
• What is Hue and saturation?
– Hue is a color attribute that describes a pure color where
saturation gives a measure of the degree to which a pure color
is diluted by white light.
• Applications of color models
– RGB model--- used for color monitors & color video camera
– CMY model---used for color printing
– HIS model----used for color image processing
– YIQ model---used for color picture transmission
• What is Resolution
– Resolution is defined as the smallest number of discernible
detail in an image
– Spatial resolution is the smallest discernible detail in an image
and gray level resolution refers to the smallest discernible
change is gray level
Fundamentals of Image Processing
• What is meant by pixel?
– A digital image is composed of a finite number of elements each
of which has a particular location or value. These elements are
referred to as pixels or mage elements or picture elements.
• What is Digital image
– When x, y and the amplitude values of f all are finite discrete
quantities , we call the image digital image
• What are the steps involved in DIP?
– Image Acquisition
– Pre-processing
– Segmentation
– Representation and Description
– Recognition and Interpretation
Fundamentals of Image Processing
• The elements of DIP system
– Image Acquisition
– Storage
– Processing
– Display
• What is meant by mach band
effect?
– Mach band effect means the
intensity of the stripes is constant.
Therefore it preserves the
brightness pattern near the
boundaries, these bands are called
as mach band effect.

Perceived Brightness changes around strong edges.


Fundamentals of Image Processing
• Sampling and quantization
– Sampling means digitizing the co-ordinate value (x, y).
– Quantization means digitizing the amplitude value.
• Find the number of bits required to store a 256 X 256 image with
32 gray levels
32 gray levels = 25
= 5 bits
SO Number of bits required = 256 * 256 * 5 = 327680 bits.
• What is geometric transformation?
– Transformation is used to alter the co-ordinate description of
image.
– The basic geometric transformations are
• Image translation
• Scaling
• Image rotation
Fundamentals of Image Processing
• What is image translation and scaling?
– Image translation means reposition the image from one
co-ordinate location to another along straight line path.
– Scaling is used to alter the size of the object or image (ie) a
co-ordinate system is scaled by a factor.

• Luminance
– Luminance measured in lumens (lm), gives a measure of
the amount of energy an observer perceiver from a light
source.

• What is meant by illumination and reflectance?


– Illumination is the amount of source light incident on the scene.
It is represented as I (x, y).
– Reflectance is the amount of light reflected by the object in the
scene. It is represented by R(x, y).

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