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Lecture Thermography Presentation

Thermal imaging uses infrared cameras to capture temperature variations across objects or scenes. It works by detecting infrared radiation, which all objects emit according to their temperature. Early experiments with infrared led to the discovery of its properties. Today, thermal imaging follows the laws of blackbody radiation and principles of dielectric behavior to detect temperature differences that can identify issues for predictive maintenance. Infrared cameras are either cooled semiconductor detectors or uncooled microbolometer arrays. [/SUMMARY]

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Dhruv Sahni
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135 views30 pages

Lecture Thermography Presentation

Thermal imaging uses infrared cameras to capture temperature variations across objects or scenes. It works by detecting infrared radiation, which all objects emit according to their temperature. Early experiments with infrared led to the discovery of its properties. Today, thermal imaging follows the laws of blackbody radiation and principles of dielectric behavior to detect temperature differences that can identify issues for predictive maintenance. Infrared cameras are either cooled semiconductor detectors or uncooled microbolometer arrays. [/SUMMARY]

Uploaded by

Dhruv Sahni
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© © All Rights Reserved
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THE SCIENCE

BEHIND THERMAL
IMAGING
What is Thermography?
• Thermography is a type of imaging that is
accomplished with an IR camera calibrated to
display temperature values across an object or
scene.
• Thermography allows one to make non-contact
measurements of an object’s temperature with
1˚C precision
• IR covers a portion of the electromagnetic
spectrum from approximately 900 to 14,000
nanometers (0.9–14 µm)
How it started
In 1800, William Herschel
conducted an experiment
measuring the difference in
temperature between the colors in
the visible spectrum. He placed
thermometers within each color of
the visible spectrum. The results
showed an increase in temperature
from blue to red. When he noticed
an even warmer temperature
measurement just beyond the red
end of the visible spectrum,
Herschel had discovered infrared
light!
We can sense some
infrared energy as heat.
Some objects are so hot
they also emit visible
light—such as a fire
does. Other objects, such
as humans, are not as
hot and only emit only
infrared waves. Our eyes
cannot see these infrared
waves but instruments
that can sense infrared
energy—such as night-
vision goggles or infrared
cameras–allow us to
"see" the infrared waves
emitting from warm
objects such as humans
and animals. The
temperatures for the
http://missionscience.nasa.gov/ems/07_infraredwaves.html
images below are in
degrees Fahrenheit.
Characteristics of Infrared Radiation
• A typical television remote control uses infrared
energy at a wavelength around 940 nanometers.
While you cannot "see" the light emitting from a
remote, some digital and cell phone cameras are
sensitive to that wavelength
• Infrared lamps heat lamps often emit both visible
and infrared energy at wavelengths between
500nm to 3000nm in length. They can be used to
heat bathrooms or keep food warm. Heat lamps
can also keep small animals and reptiles warm or
even to keep eggs warm so they can hatch
Thermal Radiation
Principles
• Thermal motion of molecules and atoms is causing them to
collide with each other. During such collisions energy is released in
the form of photons.
• It happens at temperatures above absolute zero.
• Heat transfer by the release of photons is knows as thermal
radiation ( electromagnetic radiation)
• All objects emit (give out) and absorb (take in) thermal radiation,
which is also called infrared radiation. The hotter an object is, the
more infrared radiation it emits.
• Infrared similarly to visible light travels at the speed of light (3 x
1010 cm/s)
• Infrared is emitted by all objects as a function of their temperature
and radiation wavelength.
Total Radiation Law
In addition to emitting radiation, an object reacts to incident radiation from its
surroundings by absorbing and reflecting a portion of it, or allowing some of it to
pass through (as through a lens)

Infrared can be reflected, refracted, absorbed and emitted

W = αW + ρW + τW

or

1 = α + ρ +τ

where α – absorbed energy


ρ – reflected energy
τ – transmitted energy
Perfect Black Body
Perfect black body is any
object that is a perfect
emitter and a perfect
absorber of radiation.
It has
ρ = 0, τ = 0, α = 1

It does not have to appear


“black”, stars behave as
black bodies.
Kirchhoff’s Law
ε(λ)=α(λ)
Where λ is wavelength

Radiation law can be rewritten:


1 = ε + ρ +τ
For opaque body when transmitted energy τ =0
1 = ε + ρ or ρ=1- ε
Planck’s Law
• The quantum theory of absorption and emission of
radiation announced in 1900 by Planck started a new
era in modern physics. He proposed that all material
systems can absorb or give off electromagnetic
radiation only in "chunks" of energy, quanta E, and
that these are proportional to the frequency of that
radiation E = hν. (h is called Planck's constant.)
• Planck was led to this radically new insight by trying
to explain the puzzling observation of the amount of
electromagnetic radiation emitted by a hot body and,
in particular, the dependence of the intensity of this
incandescent radiation on temperature and on
frequency. The quantitative aspects of the
incandescent radiation constitute the radiation laws.
Planck’s Law – black body radiation curve

Wλ – is spectral emitted radiation,


 λ = wavelength (μm), 
T = blackbody temperature (K), 
C1 =Const
Wien’s black body approximation
The wavelength or frequency distribution of blackbody radiation
was studied in the 1890s by Wilhelm Wien of Germany.
It was his idea to use as a good approximation for the ideal
blackbody an oven with a small hole.

Any radiation that enters the small hole is


scattered and reflected from the inner
walls of the oven so often that nearly all
incoming radiation is absorbed and the
chance of some of it finding its way out of
the hole again can be made exceedingly
small. The radiation coming out of this
hole is then very close to the equilibrium
blackbody electromagnetic radiation
corresponding to the oven temperature.
Wien’s Law
Wien found that the radiation intensity has a
maximum at a certain wavelength λmax and that the
maximum shifts to shorter wavelengths as the
temperature T is increased, as illustrated in the
figure in the slide 15

λmax = 2898/T

where T is abs. t-re of the blackbody, K


Stefan-Bolzmann’s Law
• The Austrian physicist Josef Stefan found in 1879
that the total radiation energy per unit time emitted
by a heated surface per unit area increases as the
fourth power of its absolute temperature T (absolute
temperature scale).
• In 1889 another Austrian physicist, Ludwig
Boltzmann, used the second law of thermodynamics
to derive this temperature dependence for an ideal
blackbody that emits and absorbs all frequencies.

W = σT4 (W/m2)

Where σ - Stefan-Bolzmann constant


Emissivity
Emissivity - ε
• Emissivity shows how well the body emits
radiation compared to a “black body” at the same
wavelength, temperature and angle.
• Perfect black body is a perfect absorber and
emitter of radiant energy.
• We consider emissivity of a perfect black body
equal 1

actual emission from the surface at t-re T


ε=
emission from blackbody at t-re T
Emissivity
Can be described as a ratio of the energy of a normal
object Wobj to the energy of the blackbody Wbb at the
same temperature
ε = Wobj/ Wbb
ε =0-1
GREYBODY is an object that has equal ε for all
wavelength

Then its emitted energy is reduced by ε


W = εσT4
Atmospheric Influence- high pass filter
• Atmosphere is
transparent to
high frequency
radiation ( short
wavelength -LW)
• Water vapor and
carbon oxide
attenuate
medium
frequency
radiation ( 6-8μm)

On the chart you can see two distinct areas of maximum transmitted radiation .
IR systems have to be optimized to one of those bands
Finally
Source 1- Radiation from the target object ετWobj.
Source 2 - Radiation from the surrounding (1-ε)τWamb
Source 3 - Radiation from the atmosphere that
absorbed part of the radiation ( due to attenuation) (1-
τ) Watm

Wtotal = ετWobj + (1-ε)τWamb +(1- τ) Watm

In order to evaluate T object camera has to receive the


inputs
ε – object emissivity, atmospheric attenuation and
Tamb – reflected ambient background temperature
Electrical Behavior
Dielectric Behavior
An electric field exerts a force on a The dipole moment, which
charge, pushing positive charges determines the dielectric constant,
in the direction of the field depends on the magnitude
and negative charges and separation of the charges
in the opposite direction
Piezo-Electric Materials
Contain molecules with a permanent dipole that
results from an unsymmetrically distributed charge

Figure 14.15

A two-sided relationship exists between polarization


and deformation: a field induces deformation and
deformation induces charge differences between
its surfaces, thus creating a field
Pyro-Electric Materials
Contain molecules with permanent dipole moments
that, in a single crystal, are aligned, giving the
crystal a permanent polarization

The net dipole moment exists in the absence of


an applied electric field
Principle of Operation
IR Detectors
• Semiconductor IR detectors ( quantum detectors).
Radiation is absorbed within material by interaction with
electrons. Have perfect signal-to-noise performance and very
fast response. Require cryogenic cooling.
• Thermal IR detectors (pyro-electric or microbolometers)
Incident radiation changes the temperature of material that
changes some physical properties that generate an electrical
input. Thermal effects are wavelength independent.
• It is a grid of Vanadium Oxide or Amorphous Silicon placed on
top of grid of Silicon
• Available grid sizes are 1024×768, 640×480, 320×240
and160×120 array
• Different arrays provide the same resolution with larger array
providing a wider field view
HISTORICAL MAINTENANCE PERSPECTIVE:

o Breakdown Maintenance - Traditional


o Preventive Maintenance - Post WWII
o Predictive Maintenance - Newest Method
INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS OF
THERMAL IMAGING:
• The use of infrared imaging has become a widely
recognized tool in industry for predictive
maintenance.
• The ability to detect hot spot, temperature
differentials and measure these in a non-contact
method has greatly enhanced the predictive
maintenance process.
• The utilization of thermal imaging has an
extremely large application range.

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