Chapter 2
Waveguide Components &
Applications
Introduction
A two port network is shown in the figure below.
From network theory a two port network can be
described by a number of parameters such as H, Y ,
ABCD parameters.
If the frequencies are in microwave region these parameters
cannot be used due to the following reasons.
The figure below shows the S parameters of two port network.
Scattering Parameters
Consider a circuit or device inserted into a
T-Line as shown in the Figure. We can
refer to this circuit or device as a two-port
network.
The behavior of the network can be
completely characterized by its scattering
parameters (S-parameters), or its
scattering matrix, [S].
Scattering matrices are frequently used to Scattering matrix
characterize multiport networks, especially
at high frequencies. They are used to S11 S12
S
represent microwave devices, such as
S 21 S22
amplifiers and circulators, and are easily
related to concepts of gain, loss and
reflection.
Scattering Parameters (S-Parameters)
The scattering parameters represent ratios of voltage waves entering and
leaving the ports (If the same characteristic impedance, Zo, at all ports in
the network are the same).
In matrix form this is written
Where,
Properties:
1)
Reciprocity
The two-port network is reciprocal if
the transmission characteristics are
the same in both directions (i.e. S21
= S12).
It is a property of passive circuits
(circuits with no active devices or
ferrites) that they form reciprocal
networks.
A network is reciprocal if it is equal
to its transpose. Stated
mathematically, for a reciprocal
network
Condition for Reciprocity: S12= S21
2) Lossless
Networks
A lossless network does not contain any
resistive elements and there is no
attenuation of the signal. No real power is
delivered to the network. Consequently, for
any passive lossless network, what goes in
must come out!
In terms of scattering parameters, a
network is lossless if
S S
t *
U , 1 0
where [U] is the unitary matrix [U ] .
0 1
For a 2-port network, the product of the transpose matrix and the complex
conjugate matrix yields
S11 2 S 21 2 S S *
S 21 S 22* 1 0
S S
t * 11 12
0 1
S12 S11* S22 S21* S 12
2
S 22
2
If the network is
2
S11 S 21 1
2
S11 S12* S 21S 22* 0
reciprocal and lossless
Waveguide Multi port Junctions
The interconnection of two or more microwave devices may be
regarded as microwave junction.
• In microwave circuits a waveguide or a coaxial line with three
independent ports as commonly referred to as Tee Junction.
• From S parameter theory it is evident that the device is
characterized by a third order matrix consisting of nine elements,
six of which should be independent.
The following are the three important statements of any three
port microwave device.
E Plane
Tee
•An E Plane Tee is a waveguide Tee in which the axis of its side arm
are parallel to electric field of the main guide. If the collinear arms
are symmetric about the side arm , there are two different
transmission characteristics.
• If E plane Tee is perfectly matched the diagonal components of
the S matrix S11, S22, S33 are Zero because there will be no
reflection.
•When the waves are fed in to side arm(port3), the waves
appearing at port1 & 2 of collinear arm will be in opposite phase &
in same magnitude, so
• The –ve sign indicates that they are opposite to each other.
For matched junction is given as
Due to the symmetric property of S matrix, we have
--------Eq.
(1)
From zero property, the sum of the products of each term of
any column / row multiplied by complex conjugate of the
corresponding term of any other column/ row is zero.
so
This means that either S13 or S23, or both should be zero.
From unity property of S matrix , the sum of products of
each term of any one row / column multiplied by its
complex conjugate is unity.
------Eq.(2)
-- ------Eq.(3)
------Eq.(4);
Substituting Eq.(1) in Eq.(2) we have
------Eq.(5)
Eq.(4) & Eq.(5) are contradictory, so if S13=0
implies s23=0, & if s23=0 then s13 becomes zero
Ingeneral, when an E plane Tee is constructed of
an empty waveguide, it is poorly matched at
the T junction. Hence Sij not equal to zero if i=j.
Since collinear arm is usually symmetric
about the side arm, | S13| = | S23 | & S11=S22.
The final S matrix is given below.
--------Eq.(6)
H Plane Tee
An H plane tee is a waveguide tee in which the axis of its arm
is shunting the E field or parallel the H field to main guide as
shown .
•It can be seen that if two input waves are
fed in to port 1 & 2 of the collinear arm the
output wave at port 3 will be in phase &
additive.
• If the input is fed to port 3 the wave will
split equally in to ports 1 & 2 in phase &
same magnitude.
The S matrix of H Plane tee is similar to that
of E plane tee as shown
but S13=S23.
Magic Tee
•Also known as E H Plane Tee or Hybrid
Tee
•It is a combination of E Plane Tee & H
Plane Tee
•Its characteristics are given below
The S matrix of Magic Tee is given as
• The Magic Tee is mainly used for mixing, duplexing &
impedance measurements.
A magic Tee may be used to couple the two transmitters
to antenna in such a way that the transmitters do not load each
other. The two transmitters should be connected to ports 3 & 4
as shown in the figure
• Transmitter 1 connected to port 3 causes a wave from port 1 &
another through port 2. These are equal in magnitude &
opposite in phase.
•Similarly Transmitter 2 connected to port 4 causes a wave from
port 1 & another through port 2. These are equal in
magnitude & in phase.
• At port 1 the two opposite waves will cancel each other
• At port 2 the two in phase are added. So double out put power
at port 2 is obtained.
This can be observed in the following figure.
Magic Tee coupled
Transmitters to
Antennas.
Hybrid Ring
A hybrid ring consists of an annular line of proper electrical
length to sustain standing waves, to which four arms are
connected to a proper intervals by means of series or parallel
junctions.
Figure shows hybrid ring with series junctions.
The hybrid ring has characteristics similar to that of Magic Tee.
When a wave is fed in to port 1 it will appear at port 3 because
the difference of phase shifts for waves travelling in clock wise is
180o. So the waves are cancelled at port 3.
The same reason for the waves fed in to port 2 will not emerge
at port 4 and so on.
The S Matrix for hybrid Ring is as shown
Directional Coupler
A Directional coupler is a four port wave guide junction as shown in
figure.
The primary waveguide is 1-2
Secondary waveguide is 3-4
When all ports are terminated there is a free transmission of power
without reflection between ports 1 & 2.
There is no transmission between 1 - 3 & 2 – 4 because of no
coupling.
The characteristics of directional coupler can be expressed in terms
of Coupling factor & diversity.
A two hole directional coupler
with travelling wave propagation
in it is illustrated in the figure
given.
The spacing between the centre
of two holes should be
This equation can be
In directional Coupler all four reduced using zero
ports are completely matched. So property
There is no coupling between
port 2 & 4, thus Unitary Property
Consequently, the S matrix of We have
Directional Coupler is
Let
Where P is positive real, then we have
Let
Where q is a positive real so that
Then the resultant S Matrix for Directional Coupler will
be
Circulator
A circulator is a multiport wave guide junction in which
wave can flow only from nth port to n+1th port in one
direction.
There is no restriction on number of ports.
The operating principle of a microwave circulator can be analyzed
with the help of figure below.
Each of the two 3dB couplers in circulator introduces a phase shift
of 90o and each of the two phase shifters produce a certain phase
change, the wave is split in to two components by the coupler 1.
The wave in primary guide arrives at port 2 with a relative phase
change of 180o . The second wave propagates through the two
couplers & secondary guide arrives at port 2 with relative phase
shift of 180o , since the two waves reaching port 2 are in phase ,
the power transmitted is obtained fron port 1 to port 2.
The waves propagating through primary guide , phase shifter, &
coupler 2 arrives at port 4 with a 270o phase change.
The wave travelling through coupler 1 & secondary
guide arrives at port 4 with a phase shift of 90o.
Since the two waves reaching port 4 are opposite in
phase the power transmission from 1-4 is zero.
A perfectly matched lossless nonreciprocal four port
circulator has an S matrix of the form.
Using the parameters of S parameters the above
matrix is simplifies as
Isolator
An isolator is a non reciprocal transmission device that is used
to isolate one component from reflections of the other in a
transmission line.
An ideal isolator completely absorbs the power from
propagation in one direction and provide loss less transmission
in opposite direction
It is also known as UNILINE
It is used to improve the frequency stability.
One type of isolator is Faraday rotation Isolator, the input
resistive card is in y-z plane, the output resistive card is
displaced 45o with respect to the input card.
The magnetic field which is applied longitudinally to the ferrite
rod rotates the wave plane by 45o.
This is normal to the output resistive card
As the result of rotation the wave arrives at the out put end
without attenuation at all.
On the other end a reflected wave from the output end is
similarly rotated clockwise 45o by the ferrite rod, since the
reflected wave is parallel to the input resistive card the wave is
absorbed by the input card.
Isolator
