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Basic Principles of Taxonomy

The document discusses the classification of organisms, specifically taxonomy and the classification of animals. It covers key terms like taxonomy, classification, and nomenclature. It then discusses characteristics used to classify animals, including structural features, symmetry, segmentation, appendages, and life cycle stages. It provides examples of classified kingdoms, including Animalia, Protista, and characteristics of the Protozoa phylum. The overall document provides an overview of biological classification and taxonomy.

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Raiven Rhyle Reyes
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924 views39 pages

Basic Principles of Taxonomy

The document discusses the classification of organisms, specifically taxonomy and the classification of animals. It covers key terms like taxonomy, classification, and nomenclature. It then discusses characteristics used to classify animals, including structural features, symmetry, segmentation, appendages, and life cycle stages. It provides examples of classified kingdoms, including Animalia, Protista, and characteristics of the Protozoa phylum. The overall document provides an overview of biological classification and taxonomy.

Uploaded by

Raiven Rhyle Reyes
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Arnel P.

Angeles
SST – 1
Las Pinas City National Science High School
TAXONOMY – the science of classifying
plants and animals according to their
presumed natural relationships.

Classification – the arrangement of the kinds


of animals in a hierarchy of smaller and
larger groups.

Nomenclature – the procedure of assigning


names to the kinds and groups of animals to
be classified.
How to Classify?
The inherent peculiarities or characters of
animals are the basis of classification. These
include structural features, size, proportions
and coloration as well as countable or
meristic features such as number of teeth.
A first purpose of classification is
convenience, but a more important one is to
show relationships based on phylogeny.
Phylogeny is the evolutionary history of a
group.
For purposes of classification, characters
that show homology (similarity of origin),
must be distinguished from those that exhibit
analogy (similarity of use).
The arms of man, forelegs of mammals and
frogs and wings of birds are homologous.

The wings of birds and butterflies are


analogous, both serving for flight, but are
unlike in embryonic development and adult
structure.
Embryologic Features in Classification
Several types of eggs can be classified with
respect to yolk distribution.
a) Isolecithal or homolecithal – eggs are
generally small, with the yolk equally
distributed throughout.
b) Telolecithal – eggs have the yolk
concentrated near the vegetal pole (south
position) of the egg.
 Macromeres – a set of large, yolk-filled
ones at the vegetal pole.
 Micromeres – a set of smaller ones at the
animal pole.
c) Centrolecithal – the yolk is concentrated in
the center, with most of the living
protoplasm surrounding it at the outside.
2 Basic Cavities of Kingdom Animalia
a) Pseudocoelom – persistence into the adult
stage of the embryonic development which is
not aligned in the mesoderm.
b) Coelom – is a body cavity which is lined with
mesoderm (called peritoneum in the adult).
Other Characteristics Useful in Classification
a) Symmetry. Many protozoans are
asymmetrical because they are not divisible
into equivalent halves.
Members of most other phyla are bilaterally
symmetrical – a lengthwise vertical (sagittal)
plane divides the animal into equal and
opposite halves.
 The cnidarians and adult echinoderms are
usually radially symmetrical around a
median axis through the mouth.
In such animals the part that moves forward
(and usually contains the mouth) is termed
anterior and the opposite end is posterior.
The surface with digestive organs is ventral,
and the surface with nervous organ is termed
dorsal.
Structures on or toward the central
longitudinal axis are termed medial, and those
toward the sides are said to be lateral.
b) Segmentation. Linear repetition of body parts
known as segmentation (metamerism); each
repeated unit is a somite (metamere). Such a
regionalization of segments is called
tagmatization, and each set of segments is
called as tagma (pl. tagmata).
• Example of this is the division of an insect
body into three segments: head, thorax and
abdomen.
c) Appendages. Protruding parts that serve in
locomotion, feeding and other ways. Examples
are tentacles of sea anemones, minute setae
of earthworms, antennae and legs of
arthropods and wings of vertebrates.
d) Skeleton. It may be internal (frog, human
starfish, etc.) or external (coral, crab, insect)
and may be of either inorganic or organic
material.
e) Sex. An animal having both female and male
sex organs in one individual is termed
monoecious (hermaphroditic); members of
higher phyla are dioecious (gonochoristic),
each individual being either male or female.
f) Larvae. A common larval pattern in many
aquatic invertebrates is the minute,
transparent and free-swimming organism
called a trochophore or trochosphere.
Kingdom ANIMALIA
 Multicellular organisms without cell walls
or chlorophyll
 Nutrition principally ingestive, with
digestion in an internal cavity.
1. Phylum Porifera – sponges
2. Phylum Cnidaria – radially symmetrical
marine animals
3. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms
4. Phylum Aschelminthes/Nematoda -
roundworms

5. Phylum Mollusca – soft-bodied,


unsegmented animals.
6. Phylum Annelida – segmented worms.

7. Phylum Arthropoda – joint-legged


animas with exoskeleton.
8. Phylum Echinodermata – spiny-
skinned animals.

9. Phylum Chordata – notochord, dorsal


hollow nerve cord and pharyngeal gill
slits.
 Class Chondrichthyes – cartilaginous
fishes
 Class Osteichthyes – bony fishes
 Class Amphibia
 Class Reptilia
 Class Aves
 Class Mammalia
KINGDOM PROTISTA
•Unicellular organisms.
Phylum Protozoa
•Unicellular or in colonies of similar cells; no
tissues; size usually microscopic.
Subphylum A. Sarcomastigophora
•Organelles for locomotion are flagella,
pseudopodia or none; nuclei of one kind.
Class 1. Mastigophora
•Flagellates. One to many flagella for
locomotion. Examples are Euglena, Volvox
and Trypanosoma.
Class 2. Opalinata
•Many cilialike organelles in oblique rows;
all parasitic; examples are Opalina.
Class 3. Sarcodina
•Pseudopodia for locomotion. Amoeba,
Globigerina and Badhamia.
Subphylum B. Sporozoa
•No locomotor organelles or contractile
vacuoles; all parasitic

Class 1. Telosporea
•Elongated sporozoites (a resistant covering
of the spores – a cell capable of developing
independently into a new individual.

Class 2. Piroplasmea
•No spores; in blood cells of vertebrates;
examples are Babesia in cattle.
Subphylum C. Cnidospora
•Spore with 1 to 4 filaments.

Class 1. Myxosporea
•Spores originate from several nuclei.
Myxidium and Heliosporidium.

Class 2. Microsporea
•Spores small. Nosema
Subphylum D. Ciliophora
•Cilia or sucking tentacles in at least one
stage of life history; nuclei of two kinds.

Class 1. Ciliata
•Presence of cilia. Paramecium and
Vorticella.
PHYLUM PROTOZOA
Characteristics:
1)Small, usually one-celled, some in
colonies of few to many similar individuals;
symmetry none
2)Cell form usually constant or otherwise
varied in some species and changing with
environment or age in many.
3)Nucleus distinct, single or multiple; other
structural parts as organelles; no organs or
tissues.
4) Locomotion by flagella, cilia,
pseudopodia or movements of the cell
itself.
5) Mode of life free-living, commensal,
mutualistic or parasitic.
6) Nutrition various: (a) holozoic, subsiting
on other organisms; (b) saprozoic,
subsiting on live/dead animal matter; (c)
saprophytic, living on dissolved
substances in their surroundings; (d)
holophytic, or autotrophic, producing
food by photosynthesis.
7) Asexual reproduction by binary fission,
multiple fission and budding (part of an
organism that grows out to produce a
new individual or new part); some with
sexual reproduction by fusion of
gametes or by conjugation (fusion of
two protoplasts in certain filaments to
form zygote).

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