TURBOMACHINES

15AE46

[As per Choice Based Credit System (CBCS) scheme]

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 Module -1
1. Introduction to turbo machines:
• Classification and parts of a turbo machines;
• comparison with positive displacement machines;
• dimensionless parameters and their physical significance;
• specific speed;
• illustrative examples on dimensional analysis and model studies.
2. Energy transfer in turbo machines:
• Basic Euler turbine equation and its alternate form;
• components of energy transfer;
• general expression for degree of reaction;
• Construction of velocity triangles for different values of degree of reaction.
10 hrs 2
 Module -1
1. Introduction to turbo machines:

• Classification and parts of a turbo machines;

• comparison with positive displacement machines;
• dimensionless parameters and their physical significance;
• specific speed;
• illustrative examples on dimensional analysis and model studies.

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Turbomachine
A turbomachine is a device in which energy transfer occurs between
flowing fluid and rotating element due to dynamic action and results in
change in pressure and momentum of the fluid.

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Parts of a Turbomachine

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1. Rotor: It contains vanes or blades rotating in a stream
of fluid flow.

2. Stator: It guides the fluid in proper direction for

efficient energy conversion process.

3. Shaft: It either gives input power or takes output

power from fluid and runs at required speed.
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 Classification of Turbomachines
1. Based on Energy Transfer
i. Power generating turbomachine – energy is given from
fluid to the rotor: Steam turbine, Gas turbine and water
turbine.
ii. Power absorbing turbomachine – energy is given from
rotor to the fluid: Compressor, Pump, Blower, Fan.
2. Based on type of fluid flowing in Turbomachine
i. Water: Pump, Hydraulic Turbine
ii. Steam: Steam Turbine
iii. Air or gas: compressor, blower, fan, gas turbine
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 Classification of Turbomachines
3. Based on direction of flow
i. Axial flow: Kaplan Turbine, pump, compressor, fan
ii. Radial flow: Turbine, pump, compressor, fan
iii.Mixed flow: Francis Turbine
iv. Tangential flow: Pelton Wheel Turbine
4. Based on condition of fluid in Turbomachine
i. Impulse type (Constant Pressure): Pelton Wheel
ii. Reaction type (Variable pressure): Francis Turbine
5. Based on position of rotating shaft
i. Horizontal Shaft: Steam Turbine
ii. Vertical Shaft: Kaplan Turbine
iii.Inclined Shaft: Modern bulb micro-hydel turbine 8
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Axial Turbine

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Positive Displacement Machine

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 Positive Displacement Machine
• A Positive Displacement Pump has an expanding cavity on the suction side of the
pump and a decreasing cavity on the discharge side. Liquid is allowed to flow into
the pump as the cavity on the suction side expands and the liquid is forced out of
the discharge as the cavity collapses.

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 Comparison Between
Turbomachine and Positive
Displacement Machine

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 Turbomachine Positive Displacement Machine
1. Action

i. Dynamic. i. Static.
ii. Operates between a moving fluid and a ii. Operates between a static fluid and a
rotating element, resulting in slow moving surface resulting in
thermodynamic and dynamic action. thermodynamic and mechanical action.
iii. Pressure and momentum of the fluid iii. Volume of the fluid changes.
changes.

2. Operation

i. Pure rotary motion of the mechanical i. Reciprocating or rotary motion of the

element. mechanical element.
ii. Steady flow of fluid. ii. Unsteady flow of fluid.
iii. The fluid state will be same as that of the iii. Entrapped fluid state is different from
surroundings when the machine is the surroundings when the machine is
stopped. stopped. 18
 Turbomachine Positive Displacement Machine
3. Mechanical Features
i. Rotating masses can be completely i. Vibrations are more. Can adopt only low
balanced and vibrations eliminated. Can speed.
adopt high speed. ii. Heavy foundation is required.
ii. Light foundation is sufficient. iii. Complex design because of non return
iii. Simple design. valves.
iv. Weight per unit output in less. iv. Weight per unit output in more.
4. Efficiency of energy conversion process
i. Low efficiency due to dynamic energy i. High efficiency due to static energy
transfer. transfer.
ii. Efficiency of compression process is low. ii. Efficiency of compression and expansion
process are same.

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 Turbomachine Positive Displacement Machine
5. Volumetric Efficincy
i. 100% volumetric efficiency. i. volumetric efficiency is low due to the
ii. High fluid handling capacity per unit valves.
weight of the machine. ii. Low fluid handling capacity per unit
weight of the machine.
6. Fluid phase change and surging
i. Causes cavitation in the pumps and No serious problems are encountered.
turbines.
ii. Erodes steam turbine blades.
iii. Deteriorates performance.
iv. Surging or pulsation leads to unstable
flow.

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Model study
Model is a small scale replica of the actual machine.
The actual machine is called Prototype. The study of
models of the actual machine is called as model
analysis.
Model analysis is an experimental analysis of finding
out solutions of complex problems using models of
the actual system.
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Units & Dimensions
S.I. Quantities Symbol Units Dimensions
No.
1. Mass m kg M
2. Length l m L
3. Time t s T
4. Temperature T o
C or K 𝜃
5. Volume V m3 L3
6. Area A m2 L2
7. Volume Flow Rate Q m3/s L3T-1
8. Mass Flow Rate m kg/s MT-1
9. Velocity v m/s LT-1
10. Acceleration a m/s2 LT-2
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Units & Dimensions
S.I. No. Quantities Symbol Units Dimensions
11. Force (Newton) F Kg.m/s2 MLT-2
12. Pressure (Pascals) P N/m2 or kg/m.s2 ML-1T-2
13. Torque T N.m or kg.m2/s2 ML2T-2
14. Heat, Work, Enthalpy & Q,W,H N.m or kg.m2/s2 ML2T-2
Energy (Joules) &E
15. Power (Watt) P J/s or Nm/s or kg.m2/s3 ML2T-3
16. Dynamic Viscosity 𝜇 Ns/m2 or kg/m.s ML-1T-1
17. Density 𝜌 kg/m3 ML-3
18. Kinematic Viscosity 𝞶 m2/s L2T-1
19. Modulus of Elastisity e kg/m.s2 ML-1T-2
20. Rotational Speed N rev/s or rad/s T-1

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Units & Dimensions
S.I. No. Quantities Symbol Units Dimensions
21. Surface Tension 𝞼 Kg/s2 MT-2
22. Specific Weight or w N/m3 or kg/m2.s2 ML-2T-2
specific gravity
23. Gravity Head gH m2/s2 L2T-2

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Principle of similarity
• The performance of an actual machine (prototype) can be predicted with the aid
of simple & inexpensive tests on models.
• Physical conditions of a prototype can be simulated in a model by keeping the
values of some dimensionless parameters (𝞹 terms) the same in both.
Following types of similarities must be satisfied.
1. Geometric Similarity
2. Kinematic similarity
3. Dynamic Similarity

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1. Geometric Similarity
Linear dimensions and shape of the bodies in the model and
prototype are same regardless of individual values.

Eg: blade chord (l), blade pitch (s), blade height (h), rotor
diameter (D), blade thickness (t).

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2. Kinematic similarity
Ratios of velocities in both prototype and model should be same
regardless of individual values.
Eg: blade velocity (u), Flow velocity (cx or cr), isentropic gas
velocity (cs), rotational speed (𝟂 or N).

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3. Dynamic Similarity
Ratios of forces in both prototype and model should be same
regardless of individual values.
Eg: gas density(𝜌), dynamic viscosity (𝜇), bulk modulus(K),
pressure difference(𝜟p), forces(L,D,Fx,Fy), power(P).

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Buckingham’s 𝞹 Theorem
It states that if there are ‘n’ variables (independent and dependent
variables) in a dimensionally homogeneous expression and if these
variables contain ‘m’ fundamental dimensions (MLT), then the variables
are grouped into (n-m) non-dimensional independent terms. Each term
is called 𝞹 term.

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Buckingham’s 𝞹 Theorem
Let X1 be a variable which depends on independent variables X2, X3, …Xn,
then the functional equation can be written as
X1 = f(X2, X3, …, Xn)
Ie; f1(X1, X2, X3, …, Xn) = C
Where C = constant
f1 = some function
In the above equation, there are ‘n’ variables. If these variables contain
‘m’ fundamental dimensions, then according toBuckingham’s 𝞹 theorem,
f1(𝞹 1, 𝞹 2, 𝞹 3, …, 𝞹 n-m) = C
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Procedure for applying Buckingham’s 𝞹
Theorem
1. With the given data, write the functional relationship.
2. Write the equation in its general form.
3. Choose ‘m’ repeating variables and write separate expressions for each 𝞹 term.
Every 𝞹 term must contain the repeating variables and one of the remaining
variables.
4. The number of repeating variables is equal to the number of fundamental
dimensions of the problem.

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Points to be considered while selecting repeating variables.
i. As far as possible, independent variables should be selected.
ii. The selection should be in such a way that, one variable contains
the Geometric property, second variable contains the flow
property (Kinematic property) and the third variable contains the
fluid property (Dynamic property).

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1. Geometric properties: length, diameter, thickness, height.
2. Flow (kinematic) properties: velocity, speed, flow rate,
acceleration.
3. Fluid (dynamic) properties: density, viscosity, bulk modulus,
pressure difference, force, power, elasticity, surface tension,
specific weight, stress, resistance.

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Application of dimensional analysis to a general fluid
flow problem.
• Consider the steady flow in a simple stationary system (eg. Duct).
• Choose two geometrical variables – Thickness (t) and Diameter (d).
• Kinematic variable are velocity(v) or volume flow rate(Q).
• Dynamic variables are Density of the fluid (𝜌), Dynamic Viscosity
(𝜇), Specific weight (w), modulus of elastisity (e), Surface tension
(𝞼), pressure difference(𝜟p).

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Application of dimensional analysis to a general fluid
flow problem.
Variables = t, d, Q, 𝜌, 𝜇, w, e, 𝞼, 𝜟p
Variables = d, Q, 𝜌, t, 𝜟p, 𝜇, 𝞼, e, w
Total number of variables, n=9
Total number of fundamental dimension, m=3 (ie; M,L,T)
Therefore number of 𝞹 terms = n – m = 9 – 3 = 6
Repeating variables = d, Q, 𝜌

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𝞹1 term:
𝞹1 =

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Generalized Turbomachine for dimensional analysis
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Dimensionless Parameters and their Physical Significance
Application of dimensional analysis to Turbomachines
The performance of a turbomachine like pump, water turbine, fan or blower for
incompressible flow can be expressed as a function of

kg/m3 ML-3
Density of the fluid (𝜌).
Speed of the Rotor (N). rev/s or rad/s T-1

Diameter (d). m L

Discharge (Q). m3/s L3T-1

Gravitational Head (gH). m2/s2 L2T-2

Power developed (P). J/s or Nm/s or kg.m2/s3 ML2T-3

Dynamic Viscosity (𝜇). Ns/m2 or kg/m.s ML-1T-1

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Specific Speed (𝞨)

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Specific Speed (𝞨)
Specific speed is an index used to predict desired performance of
pump or turbine. It predicts the general shape of a pump’s
impeller. The impeller shape predicts the flow and head
characteristics.
Specific speed is a dimensionless term ‘𝞨’ and it is the parameter
of greatest importance in the incompressible flow machines.

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1. Specific Speed of a Pump
Specific speed of a pump can be defined as ‘a speed of
geometrically similar machines discharging 1m3/s of water under
a head of 1m.

The equation of the pump can be obtained by manipulating flow

coefficient & head coefficient.

Derivation

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2. Specific Speed of a Turbine
Specific speed of a turbine can be defined as ‘a speed of
geometrically similar machines which produce 1kW power under
a head of 1m.

The equation of the turbine can be obtained by manipulating flow

coefficient & power coefficient.

Derivation

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Impeller
The rotating part of a centrifugal pump, compressor, or other machine
designed to move a fluid by rotation.

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