How to design an effective e-

learning course for medical

education

Dr. Supten Sarbadhikari, MBBS, PhD

Founding Chair
Department of Biomedical Informatics
PSG Institute of Medical Sciences & Research
Coimbatore 641 004
[email protected]
 Background
• Shortage of trained faculty
and increase in number of
medical students in India.
• Online resources can reach
out across time and space
barriers.
• Example
 Learning Objectives
• To understand the advantages and
disadvantages of e-learning.
• To be acquainted with the tools,
applications and resources necessary.
• To know the steps for developing e-
courses.
• To be aware of the issues of content
development, barriers and online
mentoring.
 Performance Objective

Plan to Develop an e-
learning module for
the respective
subject domain
 REFERENCES
Sarbadhikari SN, How to design an effective e-learning course
for medical education, Indian Journal of Medical Informatics.
2008; 3:3 http://ijmi.org/index.php/ijmi/article/view/y08i1a3/15
• Albarrak AI,. Designing E-learning Systems in Medical
Education: A Case Study:
http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/AlBarrak/Publications/E-Learning%20D
esign%20Papers.pdf

• Choules AP. The use of elearning in medical education: a review

of the current situation, Postgrad. Med. J. 2007; 83: 212-216
• Ruiz JG, Mintzer MJ, Leipzig RM. The Impact of e-Learning in
Medical Education, Acad Med. 2006; 81: 207-212.
• Naidu S, e-Learning: A guidebook of principles, procedures and
practices, Commonwealth Educational Media Center for Asia,
2nd Ed, 2006, ISBN: 81-88770-04-3
 Advantages
• No time is spent commuting to class and the courses
can be availed from physically remote locations,
provided Internet connectivity is present.
• No travel costs are involved.
• One can have a job or pursue some other interests while
one attends such courses.
• One can learn when one needs it (Just-In-Time or
"synchronous", as well as "asynchronous" - where the
students interact with the other students or faculty at
different times).
• One can learn at one's own pace.
• Instructions can be more customized and flexible.
 Advantages – 2
• Can increase student to student interactions, i.e.,
peer group learning and higher comfort level.
• Can lower costs for both learning providers and
organizations that need training
• Can offer lower costs for students than in
traditional programs
• Additional benefits include learning new
technologies and technical skills
• In a nutshell, it may be termed as “right
knowledge at the right time in the right way”.
 Disadvantages
• Instructors need to learn to be effective online instructors
and to convert face-to-face contents online. Confidence
and attitude are likely to develop over time and training.
• Need for suboptimal Time management (by both students
and faculty).
• Internet Connectivity and / or Access problems.
• More time consuming for instructors to provide
individualized feedback (because more learners are often
actively involved).
• Equipment needs of students and learning providers,
involving the cost and adaptability to new technology, as
well as, overcoming mundane problems like virus, spam
and phishing attacks.
• Need for Ongoing technical training and support of
learners and instructors.
 Disadvantages – 2
• Academic honesty of online students is difficult
to monitor.
• Need for various types and effectiveness of
assessments.
• Lack of face to face interaction.
• Equity of access to learners of all backgrounds
and parts of society.
• Requires new skills and responsibilities from
learners.
• Does not provide many social aspects of a true
campus or traditional classroom.
• Waning enthusiasm and ignorance.
 Tools – Hardware
• Web Server: A Computer that can run a
computer program that is responsible for
accepting HTTP (Hypertext transfer protocol)
requests from web clients known as web
browsers, and serving them HTTP responses
along with optional data contents, which
usually are web pages such as HTML
(Hypertext markup language) documents and
linked objects like images.
• At the student end, apart from standard
Internet browsers, multimedia appliances like
headset, web cam may be optionally required.
 Tools – Software
a) A solution stack of software, usually free and open
source software (FOSS), used to run dynamic Web
sites or servers. A common example is the LAMP
Architecture, where:
• Linux - Operating System
• Apache - Apache Web Server
• MySQL - Database Management System (Database
Server)
• PHP - Hypertext Preprocessor (Scripting Language)
b) Learning Management System: Commonly used free
ones are: Moodle (http://moodle.org) and ATutor (
http://atutor.ca/).
c) Free lesson construction software to build a teaching
website: like Hot Potatoes: (http://hotpot.uvic.ca/)
Tools – Software (optional)
d) Blog Publishing System: A commonly used free one is
WordPress (http://wordpress.org/ ) is a blog
publishing system written in PHP. All data is stored in
a MySQL database.
e) Wiki software: A commonly used free one is
MediaWiki (http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki /MediaWiki),
which is a web-based wiki software application used
by all projects of the Wikimedia Foundation, and many
other wikis, including Wikipedia and Citizendium.
f) Videoconferencing (Desktop): Instead of cost intensive
(branded) dedicated videoconferencing systems
(including both hardware and software), a PC or
laptop can be used for videoconferencing using the
freeware Skype or Dimdim.
 Tools – Human Resources
a) Content Developers: Subject or Domain Experts - also
known as SMEs (Subject Matter Experts) - they would
decide on the actual content (text, slideshows, audios,
still images, videos - of lectures or of procedures, blogs,
wikis, podcasts, mailing lists or even videoconferencing
units). For more advanced medical Institutes, the course
may be connected with the Hospital Information System,
PACS (Picture archiving and communication system) and
EMR (Electronic medical records).
b) Web administrators: To design, develop and maintain
(update) the site. They should be ably supported by the
Network administrators of the Institute.
c) Instructors / Tutors / Mentors: To monitor and assist the
day to day progress of the students - they may or may not
themselves be content developers
 Checklist – 1
(i) Initiate Faculty to the pros and cons - as elaborated in section 2 -
perhaps with the help of more illuminated faculty members from
the Institute or outside.
(ii) Encourage regular interchange of ideas, discuss and
demonstrate how to overcome practical difficulties. This may be
done with face-to-face (F2F) meetings and / or e-group
discussions. A Pilot study (for content development, keeping in
mind the issues discussed in the next section) may be first
undertaken by a core (motivated) group of faculty members.
(iii) Take the students into confidence (end-user validation of
proposed course modules). Also a "Needs Assessment" of the
targeted students may be carried out with an online survey. This
step is also very important for ensuring successful participation
(and likelihood of knowledge transfer) among the students.
Further, students participating seriously in an online survey are
likely to be serious in completing e-learning courses.
 Checklist – 2
(iv) Concerned faculty members may have to
spend a significant amount of time in planning.
Just as "practice makes perfect", the first
attempt may not necessarily be the best one.
(v) The Learning objectives should be clearly
stated and appropriate assessment should be
carried out with the results counting towards
the final grades (e.g., for the Internal
Assessment marks).
Of course, it has to be ascertained (and perhaps
ensured) that the students have sufficient
computer and Internet access.
 Issues for content
Teaching strategies should be creatively
blended, using methods like instructional
units, case studies, simulations, video units
and other Web based resources to
encourage learners. These courses should
enable learners to see the relevance of the
material, respect the expertise learners
bring to the course, allow learners to control
their own learning paths through meaningful
exercise and activities and, last but not the
least, emphasize clearly and continually the
connections between what is being learnt
and the real world applications.
 Issues for content – 2
• At first the scope, guidelines and workflow
for the course have to be defined. The
scope should cover the extent and depth
of content coverage. The guidelines should
include the strategies, look and feel, and
the level of interactivity.
• The study material should have an
introductory paragraph, one or more
explanatory paragraphs, and a summary
paragraph. The structure and the
navigation through the course modules
must be predefined.
 Issues for content – 3
• Quizzes or other interactive activities - like exercises or
assignments, problem-solving situations, or short simulations
should be integrated into the module.
• Any module should not contain more than one or two main
ideas or concepts.
• To meet the course duration and to provide adequate content
to the students, content has to be categorized and segregated
into predefined parts, main content and additional content.
Main content should be covered in detail in the course.
Additional content may be placed in the Reference section of
the course. It may be included as optional reading at
appropriate places.
• Only the most important “must-know” (essential or need)
details should be emphasized, while the “nice-to-know”
(desirable or want) ones may be added to the additional
reading materials. This can help to maintain the prescribed
course duration without resulting in content overload.
 Issues for content – 4
• Wherever possible, the text content should be
supplemented with audio and/or video clips containing
relevant information, such as background information,
"how to" instructions, or examples that further clarify key
learning concepts.
• The content format should ideally be compliant to the
standards like XHTML (Extensible hypertext markup
language) of W3C (World Wide Web Consortium) and
Sharable Content Object Reference Model (SCORM) that is
a collection of standards and specifications adapted from
multiple sources to provide a comprehensive suite of e-
learning capabilities that enable interoperability,
accessibility and reusability of Web-based learning content.
• Testing for validation and careful packaging (keeping in
mind download limits of the end-users) have to be
undergone before the final launch.
 Online Mentoring
• The e-mentoring sessions are stronger pillars for the
success of any e-course. However well written the
course material may be, peer-group and student-
mentor discussions on specific practical problems
help in understanding difficult concepts and real-life
dilemmas far better.
• Just like all the fingers of a hand cannot be of same
size, all the tutors/instructors/faculty mentors in such
e-courses will not be equally responsive. Some may be
intimidating, some may be encouraging. No amount of
meticulous planning or briefing for such activities will
be able to overshadow individual brilliance or dullness.
 Barriers
A. Usability issues (for
both the faculty and the
students)
• I. Access to and comfort
with the Internet
• II. Proper time management
 Barriers – 2
B. Design issues
I. Giving more importance to the interface
compared to the actual content.
II. Copyright issues (where plagiarized
materials are freely uploaded)
III. Underestimating the role of SMEs
(Subject Matter Experts).
IV. Lack of well planned learning objectives
V. Ineffective mentoring and peer-to-peer
knowledge transfer.
 Summary
To make certain that e-learning is effective, the study materials
have to be validated for construct, content and pedagogy.
Further they must be:
a) Easily accessible.
b) Easy to download.
c) Easy to understand (written in a language suited to the level
of the students).
d) Learning objectives should be clear and the course designed
to meet those objectives (good planning is a must).
e) Sufficient hands-on exercises / assignments / quizzes should
be supplemented to the “static” reading (text/image), viewing
(video) and listening (audio) study materials and “dynamic”
(interactive) contents, if possible.
f) Another important aspect is that of “effective designing” that
stresses more on “usability”.
• Another example is in the last slide