Ultrasonic Interferometer

Ultrasonic
Interferometer
1.What do we mean by ultrasonics?
2.Methods of production of ultrasonics
3.Applications of ultrasonics.
ULTRASONICS
The term ULTRASONICS refers to anything
having frequency above to that of audible
range i.e. 20,000Hz
The range of frequency is so high that it is
inaudible to humans & such waves are known
as acoustic waves.
Propagation of ultrasonic waves :During the
propagation of an ultrasonic wave through
any medium , molecules in that medium
vibrate over very short distance in a direction
parallel to the direction of the propagation .
During this vibration , momentum is
transferred among the molecules . This
causes the wave to pass through the medium
METHODS OF PRODUCTION OF
ULTRASONIC WAVES :
The ultrasonic waves are

produced by mainly these two
methods:
1. Magneto-striction generator or
oscillator
2. Piezo-electric generator or
oscillator
MAGNETO-STRICTION
GENERATOR
Principle: Magneto-striction
effect: When a ferromagnetic
rod like iron or nickel is placed
in a magnetic field parallel to
its length, the rod experiences
a small change in its length.
This is called magneto-
striction effect. The change in
length (increase or decrease)
produced in the rod depends
upon the strength of the
magnetic field, the nature of
the materials and is
independent of the direction
of the magnetic field applied.
Construction
 The experimental arrangement is
shown in Figure.
 XY is a rod of ferromagnetic
materials like iron or nickel. The
rod is clamped in the middle
 The alternating magnetic field is
generated by electronic oscillator.
The coil L1 wound on the right
hand portion of the rod along with
a variable capacitor C.
This forms the resonant circuit of
the collector tuned oscillator. The
frequency of oscillator is controlled
by the variable capacitor.
 The coil L2 wound on the left hand
portion of the rod is connected to
the base circuit. The coil L2 acts as
feed –back loop.
Working
 When High Tension (H.T) battery is

switched on, the collector circuit
oscillates with a frequency f .
 This alternating current flowing
through the coil L1 produces an
alternating magnetic field along the
length of the rod. The result is that
the rod starts vibrating due to
magnetostrictive effect.
The capacitor C is adjusted so that
the frequency of the oscillatory
circuit is equal to natural frequency
of the rod and thus resonance takes
place.
 Now the rod vibrates longitudinally
with maximum amplitude and
generates ultrasonic waves of high
frequency from its ends
Advanatages Disadvanatges
• The design of this • It has low upper

frequency limit and
oscillator is very cannot generate
simple and its ultrasonic frequency
production cost is above 3000 kHz (ie.
low • At low 3MHz).
ultrasonic • The frequency of
frequencies, the oscillations depends on
temperature.
large power output
There will be losses of
can be produced
energy due to
without the risk of hysteresis and eddy
damage of the current.
oscillatory circuit.
PIEZO ELECTRIC GENERATOR
Principle: Inverse piezo electric effect
• If mechanical pressure is applied to one pair of
opposite faces of certain crystals like quartz,
equal and opposite electrical charges appear
across its other faces. This effect is called as
piezo-electric effect.
• The converse of piezo electric effect is also
true.
• If an electric field is applied to one pair of faces,
the corresponding changes in the dimensions of
the other pair of faces of the crystal are
produced. This effect is known as inverse piezo
electric effect.
Construction The circuit diagram is
shown in Figure
• The quartz crystal is placed
between two metal plates A and B.
• The plates are connected to the
primary (L3) of a transformer which
is inductively coupled to the
electronics oscillator.
• The electronic oscillator circuit is a
base tuned oscillator circuit.
• The coils L1 and L2 of oscillator
circuit are taken from the secondary
of a transformer T.
• The collector coil L2 is inductively
coupled to base coil L1.
• The coil L1 and variable capacitor
C1 form the tank circuit of the
oscillator.
Working
• When H.T. battery is switched on, the

oscillator produces high frequency
alternating voltages with a frequency f.
• Due to the transformer action, an
oscillatory e.m.f. is induced in the coil
L3. This high frequency alternating
voltages are fed on the plates A and B.
• Inverse Piezo-electric effect takes
place and the crystal contracts and
expands alternatively. The crystal is set
into mechanical vibrations.
• The variable condenser C1 is adjusted
such that the frequency of the applied
AC voltage is equal to the natural
frequency of the quartz crystal, and
thus resonance takes place.
• The vibrating crystal produces
longitudinal ultrasonic waves of large
amplitude.
Advantages Disadvantages
• Ultrasonic
• The cost of
frequencies as high
as 5 x 108Hz or 500
piezo electric
MHz can be obtained quartz is very
with this high.
arrangement. • The • The cutting and
output of this shaping of
oscillator is very quartz crystal
high.
are very
• It is not affected by
complex.
temperature and
humidity
USES OF ULTRASONIC WAVES:
1.Medical field- Sonography , which is the process which creates
images of internal organs of the body. Better known as ultrasounds.
It is used in destruction of kidney stones,tumors.
2. Field of communication- Some animals such as bats communicate
with each other by ultrasonic waves as they have the ability to
produce it.
3.Ultrasonic Cleaning-Materials like glass , matels &caremics can be
cleaned using this and in addition to this ultrasonic waves can also
remove grease , oil and dirt.
4.Ultrasonic welding-It is used for the purpose of welding plastic due
to its high frequency which welds the couple of parts of plastic
5.Motion & Distance detectors-These motion detectors get the job
done by emitting ultrasonic pulses and then measure the time upon
the return of those waves.

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Ultrasonic

The ultrasonic waves are

 When High Tension (H.T) battery is

• The design of this • It has low upper

• When H.T. battery is switched on, the

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