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    Ventricular Septal Defect

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    Putri LidyaC
    Ventricular septal defects (VSDs) occur when structures fail to grow correctly during fetal development, resulting in holes between the ventricles. There are several types of VSDs depending on location. Small VSDs may be asymptomatic, while larger defects can cause symptoms like breathing issues, failure to thrive, and heart failure. VSDs are diagnosed through physical exam, imaging like echocardiogram and chest x-ray, and evaluated based on location, size of defects, and presence of other issues. Prognosis depends on specific defect characteristics and risk of complications like arrhythmias, pulmonary hypertension, and heart failure.

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    Ventricular Septal Defect

    Uploaded by

    Putri LidyaC
    145 views12 pages
    Ventricular septal defects (VSDs) occur when structures fail to grow correctly during fetal development, resulting in holes between the ventricles. There are several types of VSDs depending on location. Small VSDs may be asymptomatic, while larger defects can cause symptoms like breathing issues, failure to thrive, and heart failure. VSDs are diagnosed through physical exam, imaging like echocardiogram and chest x-ray, and evaluated based on location, size of defects, and presence of other issues. Prognosis depends on specific defect characteristics and risk of complications like arrhythmias, pulmonary hypertension, and heart failure.

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    Ventricular septal defects (VSDs) occur when structures fail to grow correctly during fetal development, resulting in holes between the ventricles. There are several types of VSDs depending on location. Small VSDs may be asymptomatic, while larger defects can cause symptoms like breathing issues, failure to thrive, and heart failure. VSDs are diagnosed through physical exam, imaging like echocardiogram and chest x-ray, and evaluated based on location, size of defects, and presence of other issues. Prognosis depends on specific defect characteristics and risk of complications like arrhythmias, pulmonary hypertension, and heart failure.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    145 views12 pages

    Ventricular Septal Defect

    Uploaded by

    Putri LidyaC
    Ventricular septal defects (VSDs) occur when structures fail to grow correctly during fetal development, resulting in holes between the ventricles. There are several types of VSDs depending on location. Small VSDs may be asymptomatic, while larger defects can cause symptoms like breathing issues, failure to thrive, and heart failure. VSDs are diagnosed through physical exam, imaging like echocardiogram and chest x-ray, and evaluated based on location, size of defects, and presence of other issues. Prognosis depends on specific defect characteristics and risk of complications like arrhythmias, pulmonary hypertension, and heart failure.

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    of 12

     The ventricular septum form before

    8th` week of fetal life and require


    downward growth from endocardial
    cushion and the bulbar ridge
    separating PA &Aorta.
     Failure of these structures to grow
    correctly will result VSD.
     RISK FACTORS
     Genetic Factors , Radiation Exposure,
    Drugs Like Teratogens, Antenatal
    Effects, Chromosomal Disorders
     TYPES OF VSD
    A. PER MEMBRANOUS VSD : These are the most
    common type of ventricular septal defects.
    They involve the membranous part of
    ventricular septum which lies in the outflow
    tract of the left ventricle immediately beneath
    the aortic valve. They usually extend into
    muscular, inlet or outlet portion of ventricular
    septum.
    B. Inlet VSD : These VSD account for 5 to 8 % of
    all the VSD's. They are located posteriorly and
    inferior to perimembranous portion of
    ventricular septum.
    C. Subarterial VSD or Doubly committed VSD or
    Subpulmonary VSD : These VSD account for 5
    to 7 % of all the VSD’s. They are located just
    beneath the pulmonary valve.
     D. Muscular VSD : These VSD account for
    5 to 20 % of all the VSD’s and are further
    sub classified depending on their location
    in the muscular septum. i) Central :
    Located in the mid-muscular part of the
    ventricular septum with multiple apparent
    channels on right ventricular side and
    single defect on the left ventricular side. ii)
    Apical : Located in the apical part of the
    ventricular septum with multiple apparent
    channels on right ventricular side and
    single defect on the left ventricular side.
    iii) Swiss Cheese : Multiple muscular
    defects in the ventricular septum.
     CLINICAL MANIFESTATION
    Small VSD may be asymptomatic
    Pan systolic murmur
    Moderate breathing difficulty -slow to gain
    weight - Respiratory infection - Sign of LV
    failure - Mid systolic murmur
    Large VSD
    Hepatomegaly &oliguria
    Systolic murmur with thrill
    Failure to thrive
    Biventricular hypertrophy and CCF
    CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS: •Feeding difficulty
    •Poor Weight Gain •Failure to cry •Increased
    sweating •Palpitation •Dyspnoea •Cyanosis
     DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION
    History of illness
    Physical Examination
    Chest x-ray(cardiomegaly, enlarged LA& LV,
    PA, increased Pulmonary vascular
    marking, Pulmonary Edema)
    ECG(Extreme left axis is characteristics,
    biventricular hypertrophy)
    ECO(Chamber size and pressures)
    Two dimensional echo cardiogram with
    Doppler study
    Cardiac catheter o2 content, PA pressure,
    size and no of defects.
     PROGNOSIS
    Risk depends on the location of the defect , the
    number of defects, and the presence of other
    associated cardiac defects. Single membranous
    defects are associated with low mortality (<2%)
    multiple muscular defects can occur a higher
    risk.
    COMPLICATIONS
    Arrhythmias
    Right ventricular failure
    Pulmonary complication-pneumonia, enlarged LA,
    left lobe collapsed
    Residual VSD
    Pulmonary hypertension
    Pulmonary stenosis
    Failure to thrive

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