LESSON

III
Global Interstate
System
 |THE INTERSTATE SYSTEM|
Is the attempt of decisions,
interactions and behavior that occur
across boundaries of states is refers to
international relation, international
studies or international politics.
 |THE INTERSTATE SYSTEM|

The relations of states have been center of

this discipline, its nature and focus has
been significantly changing over time
particularly under the realm of
globalization.
|THE INTERSTATE SYSTEM|
 |THE INTERSTATE SYSTEM|

Globalization is defined as a
'widening , intensifying,
speeding up and growing impact
of world wide interconnected'.
 |THE INTERSTATE SYSTEM|
Thus expectedly results to
intensification of relationships among
nation-states which may either
increase, decrease or transform
states than its usual position.
 |THE INTERSTATE SYSTEM|

This is how the globalization

affects the states and its
interactions in the global
politics.
 STATE AND SOVEREIGNTY
Sovereignty is the full right and power of a
governing body over itself, without any
interference from outside sources or bodies.
In political theory, sovereignty is a substantive
 term designating supreme authority over
some polity.
 STATE AND SOVEREIGNTY

Peace of Westphalia (1648) a

package of treaties that ended the
30 year war (1618-1648)
 STATE AND SOVEREIGNTY
This historical events established that
the doctrine of sovereign statehood
was significant not only as the legal
basis of modern statehood but also the
constitution of modern world order.
 STATE AND SOVEREIGNTY

It was stated in 1933 Montevideo

Convention on the Rights and
Duties of State as one of the four
qualifying elements
 STATE AND SOVEREIGNTY
1. A defined territory
2. A permanent population
3. An effective government and the
4. Capacity to enter into relations with other
states
 STATE AND SOVEREIGNTY
INTERNAL SOVEREIGNTY refers to the state's
authority within.
Is the right of a nation to be free of internal
forces of disruption to its rights & freedoms
to exercise the internal governance of its
society & territories.
 STATE AND SOVEREIGNTY

EXTERNAL SOVEREIGNTY defines the

relationship of states to other states and
international actors as it establishes state's
capacity to act as an independent and
autonomous entity in world affairs.
STATE GLOBALIZATION

Globalization as a process is more than

simply growing connections or
interconnectedness between states.
STATE GLOBALIZATION
Globalization implies a cumulative scale, scope,
velocity and depth of contemporary
interconnectedness is dissolving the
significance of the borders and boundaries that
separate the world into its many constituent
states or national economic and political
spaces.
STATE GLOBALIZATION

Globalization presents a dramatic shift

leading to the organization of human
affairs-from the world of discreet but
interdependent nation-states to the world
as a shared social space.
STATE GLOBALIZATION
Globalization represents the process of
deteritorialization when social, political and
economic activities are increasingly
'stretched' across the globe and making
geography and distance posing relative
significance.
STATE GLOBALIZATION

Because of that the national state may

no longer have the monopoly of
power resource because of relative
denationalization of power brought by
the globalization.
SHIFTING FROM
INTERNATIONAL POLITICS TO
GLOBAL POLITICS
The politics in the world stage has been
conventionally understood in international
terms. But the term international relations
has no used despite of the conflict and co-
operation between and among territorially
ECM al units had been existed. Not until
Jeremy Bentham, a British philosopher and
legal reformer, coined the term 'international
relations that was introduced in his Principles
of Morals and Legislation (1789).
NEW ACTORS ON THE WORLD STAGE

Because of globalization, it is impossible to regard state

as the only significant actors in world stage.
ACTORS:
• Transnational corporation(TNC)
• Non-government organization (NGO) like Amnesty
international
• Al Qaeda
• HP
INCREASED INTERDEPENDENCE AND
INTERCONNECTED
As globalization results to a substantial growth in cross border,
flows and transaction – movements of people, good, money,
information and ideas, the phenomenon also increased the relations
among states with growing interdependence and
interconnectedness.

PROBLEMS and ISSUES:

• Global Warming
• Terrorism
• Pandemic diseases
THE TREND TOWARDS GLOBAL
GOVERNANCE
Since 1945, a new framework of global governance and
regional governance has been recognized.

Established International Organization:

• IMF
• WTO (World trade organization)
• European Union and United Nations
LESSON

VI
CONTEMPORARY GLOBAL

GOVERNANCE
When people travel in multiple states; goods and services delivered to
and from different countries by air, land, sea and cyberspace: Filipinos
working as OFW (overseas Filipino workers); and a different range of
cross-border transactions, are quite puzzling for some since there is no
government or world government that regulates. Even though, these
activities still expect to be reliable, safer and secure for the people,
groups, firms and governments involved. While these are evidently
effective within domestic sphere because of the government which
controls, how could exchanges among states beyond their borders
become possibly in order, inevitable and stable? For instance, as the
world trade continuously expands and global mobility increases, the
borders of states expectedly are to be flooded of goods, services,
persons, and information.
This became possible when the Universal Postal Union, the first
modern international organization, was established in 1863
Similarly, the growing number of worldwide problems like
terrorist climate change, threat of maritime conflict, nuclear
proliferation and among others which are beyond the capacity of
individual states to solve on their own has been receiving
attention with the aim of securing international order recognition
of sovereignty of every states. Analysis of these global activities
an international problems are taken up in a complex
phenomenon called governance
 CONTEMPORARY GLOBAL
GOVERNANCE
Understanding the idea of global Governance
• Global governance is the sum of laws, norms, policies and
institutions that defines, constitute and mediate
• trans-border relations between states, cultures, citizens,
intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations and
the market
• (the wielders and the objects of the exercise of international
public order)
 CONTEMPORARY GLOBAL
GOVERNANCE
In global system, the following are the following are commonly identified categories
of political actors who are interacting with a range of non-state actors (Baylis et al.,
2011):

• Nearly 200 governments , including 193 members of the UN (with the inclusion of
Sudan in 2011); 82,100 transnational companies (TNCs) such as Wal-Mart,
• Mitsubishi, Volkswagen General Electric, Microsoft, Nestle, Hewlett-Packard, with
these parent companies having 807, 400 foreign affiliates;
• Around 9,500 single-country non-governmental organizations, like Population
Concern (UK) or the Sierra Club (USA), which engage in significant international
activities;
 CONTEMPORARY GLOBAL
GOVERNANCE
• 240 intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) such as UN, NATO,
the European Union, plus 2,500 regular autonomous conferences
and treaty review bodies; and
• 7,600 international non-governmental organizations (INGOs) like
Amnesty International, the International Chamber of Shipping,
Red Cross, plus a similar number of less-established international
caucuses and networks of NGOs.
 CONTEMPORARY GLOBAL
GOVERNANCE
The rise of International Organization in Global Politics
• The ASEAN, IMF, WTO, WB and UN are some of the high profile
international organizations which the Philippines and most of
sovereign states are members of.
• As a well-observed phenomenon, international organizations
foster cooperation among states particularly on global issues.
• international organization is an institution with formal procedure
and a membership comprising three or more states.
 CONTEMPORARY GLOBAL
GOVERNANCE
• They are characterized by rules that seek to regulate the relations
amongst member states and by a formal structure that
implements and enforces these rules
• International organization, according to Rittberger and Zangl
(2006), may be viewed as instruments, arenas or actors.
• As instruments, they are mechanisms through which states
pursue their own interest.
 CONTEMPORARY GLOBAL
GOVERNANCE

• As they facilitate debate and information exchange, it also serves

as permanent institution of conference diplomacy thus, regarded
as arenas. And when states are enable by IOs to take concerted
action, they are acting as actors.
 CONTEMPORARY GLOBAL
GOVERNANCE
The United Nations
The United Nations is considered as the world's leading international organization that has an
indispensable part of the global political arena. According to Thakur (2011), it is both global
governance actor and site. Composed of universal state membership and mechanisms for
involving non-state actors, the UN is also regarded as a central clearing house for information
and actions. UN was founded on October 24, 1945 (since known as UN Day) by 51 countries of
which Philippines was one of the founding members. It has, to date, a total of 193 members,
nearly every state in the world, and counting. As a result of initiatives moved by the
governments of states that had led the war against Germany and Japan in World War II, the
UN Charter clearly spelled out the following basic principles of international relations:
 CONTEMPORARY GLOBAL
GOVERNANCE
1.To maintain international peace and security;

2.To develop friendly relations among nations;

3.To cooperate in solving international problems and in promoting respect for

human rights; and

4.To be a center for harmonizing the actions of nations.

 CONTEMPORARY GLOBAL
GOVERNANCE
The UN structure was intended to prevent some of the problems encountered by the League of Nations, It has
main six organs (Bailey et al.,
2011);
1. The Security Council principally responsible for maintaining international peace and security. Composed of 15
states including five permanent members, namely the USA, Britain, France, Russia (former Soviet Union), and
China and ten non-permanent members. Its decisions are binding and must only be passed by a majority of
nine out of 15 members, as well as each of the five permanent members, which also were seen as major
powers as they hold veto power over Security Council decisions.
2. The General Assembly regarded as parliament of nations as this is represented by all UN members. The
Assembly meets to consider the world's pressing problems while each has one vote. Decisions on key issues
like international peace and security, UN budget and admission of new members must acquire the two thirds
majority vote of the General Assembly. But, the decisions which are reached have only the status of
recommendations.
 CONTEMPORARY GLOBAL
GOVERNANCE
3.The Secretariat - this carries the administrative and substantive work of the UN as
directed by the General Assembly, the Security Council, and the other organs. It is
headed by the Secretary- General, who provides administrative guidance. The
Secretariat consists of departments and offices with a total staff pf 40,000 around
the world. As primarily bureaucratic, the Secretariat lacks the political power and
the right of initiative.
4.The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) - under the overall authority of the
General Assembly, the ECOSOC is mandated to coordinate the economic and social
work of UN and the UN family organizations. It serves as a link between UN and
civil society, thus consultations with non-governmental organizations is maintained.
 CONTEMPORARY GLOBAL
GOVERNANCE
5. The Trusteeship Council - as UN was created, this provides international supervision for
11 Trust Territories administered by seven member states and to ensure that adequate
steps were followed to prepare the territories for self-government or independence. In
1994, all Trust Territories had attained independence. As works was completed, the
Council now consists of five permanent members of Security Council and has amended
its rules of procedure.
6. International Court of Justice – serves as the main judicial organ of UN. It consists of 15
judges elected jointly by General Assembly and the Security Council. The Court not
only decides disputes between countries but also provides advisory opinions to other
UN organs and Specialized Agencies upon request.
 GLOBALIZATION AND
THE UN SYSTEM
• While globalization understood as a term that refers to the expansion and
intensification of social relations and conciousness across world time and world space
(Steger,2003)which is not only concern with expansion of economic activities across
state,borders;increasing value of finance,investment,goods and services
flows;ideas,infoemation,organization, and people and cultural exchanges,but also
reflects the rapidity and intensity of the interactions in real time.

• From these occurences,there are opposing views when analyzing the effect of
globalization.
Weiss and Thakur(2010)raised
points for clarifications:
• That even in globalization ere,people’s movements remain restricted and strictly regulated,more so,after
9/11 attack.
• Economic interdependence is highly assymmetrical;industrialized,developing countries are either
interdependent in their relations wiyh another and developing countries are highly dependent on
industrialized countries.
• Growing divergence ,not convergence,in income levels between countriess and people,with widening
inequality among and within the nations.
• It has unleashed many ’uncivil society’ forces like international terrorism,drugs,people and gun trafficking
and illicit money flows (Heine and Thakur,2011)
 Role of UN in Global Politics
• Among the operating international ,UN has more comparative advantage in identifying and resolving global concerns.And as world
organization, it will continue to play four eddential roles according to Weise and Thakur (2011),to wit:
• 1.Managing Knowledge-from arange of issues such as atomic bombing to HIV/AIDS and climate change, and to various kind of
services like regulations of the skies and seas, internet traffic and mail,all had successfully reached attention of every states that
prompted them eventually to be involved and act towards resolution.
• 2.Developing Norms-key actors in international arena are institutions operated by human beings or social actors ,thus,norms or
standards of behaviors are necessary to the society function and existence.As data has been collected and knowledge gained that
a problem is serious to warrant attention by the international policy community,new norms are thereby developed.This in turn,was
articulated,disseminated and institutionalized.
• 3.Formulating Recommendations-As norms are developed,a myriad of possibilities must be formulated on how key actors i.e.
Government and IGOs can alter the behaviour.However,by the 21st century,the growth and presence of civil societies has led them
to warrant attention as they become louder and bolder in voicing their positions in various issues.Civil societies orNGOs have been
recognized as they were present in signing of the Charter-Article 71 which provides for their participation.However,formulated
recommendations and proposals may wither as the next step would be given to the member states,who shall take the
responsibility.
• 4.Institutionalizing Ideas-once the knowledge has been acquired,norms articulated and polocies formulated,and existing
institutions can oversee their implementation and monitoring (Weiss and Thakur,2011.)Based on UN’s history,every problems
identified has several global institutions whicha re working on important solutions.Once created,institutions can facilitate problem
solving despite of non-coercive power.In some cases,when the problem is distinctive,parrticularly interms of gravity and
scale,from other problems ,international community of state would create a new IGO which focus on addressing such
problems.For instances,the joinst UN programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS),established in 1996 following resolution of WHOs World
Health Assenbly,was created serving as principal instrument for global action on HIV/AIDS and provides action to the epidemic.
 UN Challenges and Responses to Issues

• For more than seventy years of operation,UN has been continously challenged of different
controversy and critism.given the ‘ideational rolr’iot is ineveitable that expectations do not meet
Uns actual performances as the primcipal global governance actor.
• While UN ws assumed to be active area such as refugge protection,environment,counter
terrorism,human rights,disarmanent,economic and social development,UN mainrole that is widely
accepted is that maintenance of peace and security that is carried out Security Councilas its the
main organ.Though it gain successes in peacekeeping (such as in Mozambique and El Salvador)and
peace building(East Timor),in mid 1990s,UN failed to present the large scale slaughter in Rwanda
and Bosnia which damage its reputation (Heywood,2011).These and other issues continue to
challenge uN to take on a stronger role in maintaining global order.
MARITIME DISPUTE
IN WEST PHILIPPINE
SEA
THE TRIBUNAL RULED THAT:
• “The Tribunal concluded that there was no legal basis for China to
claim historic rights to resources within the sea areas falling
within the ‘nine-dash line,”

“Having found that none of the features claimed by China was

capable of generating an exclusive economic zone, the Tribunal
found that it could — without delimiting a boundary — declare
that certain sea areas are within the exclusive economic zone of
the Philippines, because those areas are not overlapped by any
possible entitlement of China,”