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NLP Presentation

The document discusses natural language processing (NLP) and includes the following key points: 1. It introduces NLP and defines it as enabling machines to understand human language in its written or spoken form. 2. It lists the group members working on NLP and their names. 3. It discusses some of the challenges of NLP including ambiguity and the different types of ambiguity.

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MUHAMMAD NOFIL BHATTY
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522 views19 pages

NLP Presentation

The document discusses natural language processing (NLP) and includes the following key points: 1. It introduces NLP and defines it as enabling machines to understand human language in its written or spoken form. 2. It lists the group members working on NLP and their names. 3. It discusses some of the challenges of NLP including ambiguity and the different types of ambiguity.

Uploaded by

MUHAMMAD NOFIL BHATTY
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Natural Language

Processing
Group Members
Muhammad Nofil
Bhatty
Hafiz Muhammad
Ahmad
Shahrukh Quddus

1
Natural Language Processing
 Natural Language Processing (NLP) is
“ability of machines to understand and
interpret human language the way it is written
or spoken”

 NLP refers to AI method of communicating


with an intelligent systems using a natural
language such as English.
Natural Language Processing
Why NLP ?
 The objective of NLP is to make
computer/machines as intelligent as human beings
in understanding language.

 The ultimate goal of NLP is to the fill the gap how


the people communicate (natural language) and
what the computer understands (machine
language).

 NLP can be used to organize and structure


knowledge to perform tasks such as automatic text
summarization, translation, named entity
recognition, relationship extraction, sentiment
analysis, speech recognition, and topic
segmentation.
How Computers Understand Language
Difference Between NLP and Text
Mining
 Natural language processing is responsible for understanding
meaning and structure of given text.
 Text Mining or Text Analytics is a process of extracting hidden
information inside text data through pattern recognition.

 Natural language processing is used to understand the meaning


(semantics) of given text data, while text mining is used to
understand structure (syntax) of given text data.

 As an example - I found my wallet near the bank. The task of NLP is


to figure out in the end that ‘bank’ refers to financial institute or
‘river bank.'
NLP: Applications
 Summarize blocks of text using Summarizer to extract the most
important and central ideas while ignoring irrelevant information.

 Create a chat bot using Parsey McParseface, a language parsing


deep learning model made by Google that uses Part-of-Speech
tagging.

 Automatically generate keyword tags from content using AutoTag, it


discovers topics contained within a body of text.

 Identify the type of entity extracted, such as it being a person, place,


or organization using Named Entity Recognition.

 Use Sentiment Analysis to identify the sentiment of a string of text,


from very negative to neutral to very positive.

 Reduce words to their root, or stem, using PorterStemmer, or break


up text into tokens using Tokenizer.
Modern Applications
 Search engines
 Google, Yahoo!, Bing, Baidu
 Question answering
 IBM’s Watson
 Natural language assistants
 Apple’s Siri
 Translation systems
 Google Translate
 News digest
 Yahoo!
 Automated earthquake reports
 LA Times
 Automated stock market reports
 Narrative Science
Modern Applications
Natural Language Processing
 NLP considers the hierarchical structure of
language: several words make a phrase,
several phrases make a sentence and,
ultimately, sentences convey ideas,
KNOWLEDGE IN SPEECH AND LANGUAGE PROCESSING

 Phonetics and Phonology— knowledge about


linguistic sounds
 • Morphology— knowledge of the meaningful
components of words
 • Syntax— knowledge of the structural
relationships between words
 • Semantics—knowledge of meaning
 • Pragmatics— knowledge of the relationship
of meaning to the goals and intentions of the
speaker.
 • Discourse— knowledge about linguistic units
larger than a single utterance
Ambiguity and Uncertainty in Language
 Ambiguity, generally used in natural language
processing, can be referred as the ability of
being understood in more than one way.

 Types of Ambiguity:-

 Lexical Ambiguity:-
• The ambiguity of a single word is called lexical
ambiguity. For example, treating the word silver as a
noun, an adjective, or a verb.
 Syntactic Ambiguity:-
• This kind of ambiguity occurs when the meaning of the
words themselves can be misinterpreted.
Ambiguity and Uncertainty in Language
 Anaphoric Ambiguity:-
• This kind of ambiguity arises due to the use of anaphora
entities in discourse. For example, the horse ran up the
hill. It was very steep. It soon got tired. Here, the
anaphoric reference of “it” in two situations cause
ambiguity.
 Pragmatic Ambiguity:-
• Such kind of ambiguity refers to the situation where the
context of a phrase gives it multiple interpretations. For
example, the sentence “I like you too” can have
multiple interpretations like I like you (just like you like
me), I like you (just like someone else does).
NLP Phases
NLP Phases
 Morphological Processing:-
• It is the first phase of NLP. The purpose of this phase is
to break chunks of language input into sets of tokens
corresponding to paragraphs, sentences and words. For
example, a word like “uneasy” can be broken into two
sub-word tokens as “un-easy”.
 Syntax Analysis:-
• It is the second phase of NLP. The purpose of this phase
is two folds: to check that a sentence is well formed or
not and to break it up into a structure that shows the
syntactic relationships between the different words. For
example, the sentence like “The school goes to the
boy” would be rejected by syntax analyzer or parser.
NLP Phases
 Semantic Analysis:-
• It is the third phase of NLP. The purpose of this phase is
to draw exact meaning, or you can say dictionary
meaning from the text. The text is checked for
meaningfulness. For example, semantic analyzer would
reject a sentence like “Hot ice-cream”.
 Pragmatic Analysis:-
• It is the fourth phase of NLP. Pragmatic analysis simply
fits the actual objects/events, which exist in a given
context with object references obtained during the last
phase (semantic analysis). For example, the sentence
“Put the banana in the basket on the shelf” can have
two semantic interpretations and pragmatic analyzer
will choose between these two possibilities.
NLP is Hard
 Understanding natural languages is hard …
because of inherent ambiguity
 Engineering NLP systems is also hard …
because of:-
 Huge amount of data resources needed (e.g. grammar,
dictionary, documents to extract statistics from)
 Computational complexity (intractable) of
analyzing a sentence
Ambiguity
“Get the cat with the gloves.”

 There are different types of ambiguity and


different techniques for dealing with it as well
The Bottom Line
 Complete NL Understanding (thus general
intelligence) is impossible.
 But we can make incremental progress.
 Also we have made successes in limited
domains.
 [But NLP is costly – Lots of work and resources
are needed, but the amount of return is
sometimes not worth it.]

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