Concrete For PE Exam DPWH

R1GID SOLUTIONS
Review School for Civil

Engineers
Unit 601, Don Lorenzo Building, 889 P. Paredes St., Sampaloc, Manila
REVIEW ON
CONTRACTOR AND
CONSULTANT
MATERIALS ENGINEER
CONCRETE
TECHNOLOGY
Concrete is a stone-like
material obtained by
permitting a carefully
proportioned mixture of
cement, and gravel or other
aggregate, and water to
harden in forms of the shape
and dimensions of the
desired structure.
Nilson and Winter
Composition of Concrete
Major Composition
 Paste (cement and water)
 Mineral Aggregate (coarse and
fine)
The volume of paste, including air voids, is

about 30% and the volume of aggregate is
about 70% of the volume of concrete mix.
CEMENT
Cement is a by product of …
Lime
Silica
Alumina
Iron
There are various types of cement for
different usages; for example, high
early strength, sulfate-resistant or low
heat. The cement type to be used
should be specified and shall conform to
the applicable specifications.
TYPE I PORTLAND CEMENT is for
general use and is most often
suggested.
Types of Cement
Portland Cement
– hydraulic cement produced by

pulverizing cement clinker and
gypsum
PORTLAND CEMENT
CLINKER + GYPSUM = PORTLAND

CEMENT
( GRINDING or PULVERIZING)
Types of Cement
Blended Cement
- a hydraulic cement consisting

of two or more inorganic
constituents, separately or in
combination, which contribute to
the strength gaining properties
of the cement
Types of Cement
Portland-Pozzolan Cement
….blended hydraulic cement
consisting of an intimate and
uniform blend of Portland cement
or Portland blast-furnace slag
cement and fine pozzolan blended
within specified limits.
Pozzolan
NATURAL POZZOLAN ARTIFICIAL POZZOLAN

PORTLAND-POZZOLAN CEMENT
NATURAL
POZZOLAN
CLINKER
MIXING BY INTER-GRINDING
and / or BLENDING
+ =
PORTLAND
CEMENT PORTLAND- POZZOLAN
PORTLAND CEMENT
BLAST-FURNACE
ARTIFICIAL
SLAG CEMENT POZZOLAN
Types of Cement
Portland Blast-Furnace Slag

Cement
…. blended hydraulic cement
consisting of an intimately inter-
ground mixture of Portland cement
clinker and granulated blast-
furnace slag blended within
specified limits.
HOW TO
KIND OF CEMENT TYPE IDENTIFY INTENDED USE OR APPLICATION
One color bond For general concrete construction use when the special properties specified
T–I RED COLOR for any other type are not required
For general concrete construction, Moderate Sulfate resistance or moderate

T - II n/a heat of hydration cement
PORTLAND
For general concrete construction, High early strength cement
CEMENT T - III n/a
For general concrete construction, Low heat of hydration cement

T - IV n/a
For general concrete construction, High sulfate resistance cement

T-V n/a
White Portland For general construction use when the special properties specified for any
T-I n/a
other type are not required
Cement
BLENDED CEMENT
Three color bands For general concrete construction use, Moderate sulfate resistant and
T – IP BRIGHT YELLOW moderate heat of hydration cement
Two color bands For general concrete construction use when special characteristics attributed
Portland - to the larger quantities of pozzolan in the portland-pozzolan cement are not
T – I(PM) BRIGHT YELLOW
Pozzolan required.
One color band For general concrete construction use not requiring high early strength, sulfate
T-P BRIGHT YELLOW resistant, Low Heat of hydration cement
Portland Blast- Two color bands For general concrete construction, Moderate sulfate resistant and moderate
T - IS heat of hydration cement
furnace Slag BLUE COLOR
One color band For general concrete construction not requiring high early strength, sulfate
SLAG CEMENT T–S BLUE COLOR resistant, Low Heat of hydration cement
T–N One color band

MASONRY T–S Two color bands Primarily used in masonry and plastering construction
CEMENT T–M Three color bands
BROWN COLOR
WATER
- used in mixing , curing or
other designated
application shall be
reasonably clean and free of
oil, salt, acid, alkali, grass
or other substances
injurious to the finished
product
- water which is drinkable
and known of potable
quality may be used
without test
Admixtures
… are those ingredients in
concrete other than Portland
cement, water and aggregates
that are added to the mixture
immediately before or during
mixing.
Reasons for Using Admixtures
• To reduce the cost of concrete construction,
• To achieve certain properties in concrete

more effectively than by other means,
• To ensure the quality of concrete during

the stages of mixing, transporting, placing,
and curing in adverse weather conditions.
• To overcome certain emergencies during

concreting operations
Classification of Admixtures
According to Function:
1. Air-entraining admixtures
2. Water-reducing admixtures
3. Retarding
admixtures
4. Accelerating admixtures
5. Super-plasticizers
6. Finely divided mineral admixtures
7. Pigments
8. A combination of the above
Reminder
No admixture, of any type or
amount, can be considered as
substitute for good concreting
practice.
The effectiveness of an admixture
depends upon such factors as type,
quality, and amount of cement; water
content; aggregate shape, gradation,
and proportions; mixing time; slump;
and temperatures of concrete and air.
STORAGE OF
MATERIALS
Cement
• cement shall be stored immediately upon delivery at
the site in a weatherproof building which will protect
the cement from dampness. The floor shall be raised
from the ground.
• bulk cement, if used, shall be transferred to elevated
air- tight, weather-proof bins.
• cement bags shall be stacked closed together to
reduce air circulation
• stack the cement bags so that the first in are the first
out.
• on small jobs where a shed is not available, bags
should be placed on raised wooden platforms at least
4 to 6 inches above the ground and water coverings
should fit over the pile and extend over the cement
and the platform.
Concrete Aggregates
• to secure greater uniformity of
concrete mix, different sizes of
aggregates shall be stored in
separate bins or separate
stockpiles to prevent the
material at the edges of the piles
from becoming intermixed.
Design of Concrete Mixture
• The main objective is to determine the proportion of
the ingredients that will produce concrete of the
proper workability when fresh and the desired
durability and strength after it has hardened.
The principal factors that must be considered in

proportioning concrete are:
1.Requirements as to placing.
2.Interrelationships of cement content, water-cement ratio,
and gradation of aggregate.
3.Required strength.
4.Quality of concrete necessary to satisfy the conditions of
exposure.
5.Considerations of economy.
Steps to be considered in estimating
the required batch weights for the
concrete:
1. Choice of slump.
2. Choice of maximum size of aggregates.
3. Estimate amount of mixing water and cement
content.
4. Select water-cement ratio.
5. Calculate cement content.
6. Estimate quantity of fine and coarse aggregates.
7. Adjust for moisture content of aggregates.
8. Check calculated mixture proportions by preparing
and testing trial batches. Adjustments are made, if
found necessary.
Significance of Proper Sampling
The sampling requirement is to obtain a set of
three (3) cylinder samples for structural concrete or
a set of three (3) beam samples for paving concrete
for every 75 cu.m. or fraction thereof for each class
of concrete. At least one set of samples shall be
obtained for each day of concreting work. Sampling
shall be done in accordance with the prescribed
procedure by responsible quality control personnel
who understand why sample is obtained. Sampling
should not be delegated to ordinary laborers or
others who have no prior training in materials
quality control.
Additional samples may be taken for job

curing to assist in determining when forms
or shoring can be removed and when the
structure can be placed in service. Molded
specimens for this purpose should be cured
at the same place and as nearly as possible
under the same conditions of the structure.
During the early stages of the work, more

than the usual number of concrete samples
should be obtained. The extra samples
should be tested at earlier dates to
determine the trend of strength
development. If there is strength deficiency,
remedial measures can be instituted
immediately. Thus, the placement of
defective concrete is minimized.
Sampling of Freshly Mixed Concrete
Sampling from Revolving Drum Mixers or
Agitators
- take samples of concrete at two or

more regularly spaced intervals during
discharge of the middle portion of the
batch.
- do not obtain samples until all of the
water has been added to the mixer.
- do not obtain samples from the very first
or last portions of the batch discharge.
Sampling of Freshly Mixed Concrete
Sampling from Stationary Mixers
• collect two or more portions at regularly

spaced intervals during discharge of the
middle batch.
• do not obtain portions of the composite

sample from the very first or last part of
the batch discharge.
Control of Consistency
The consistency of the mixture should be

checked frequently by the slump test. An
excess of water in the mixture will cause a
corresponding loss of potential strength. If
there is a necessity of increasing the water
content for better placeability, water should
not be added. The mixture should be
redesigned.
Fig. 3 – Slump Test for Consistency of Concrete
The consistency of the mixture should be checked
frequently by the slump test. The slump test is an
indicator of water content, or water-cement ratio.
Test results on concrete samples reflect

the actual strength of the structure. If the
sampling is incorrect, results will be
unsatisfactory but the concrete may be
structurally sound.
The recommended ranges of slump for
various types of concrete construction are:
Slump, mm (inch)
Type of Construction Max. Min.
Slabs, beams, and

reinforced walls 150 (6) 75 (3)
Building columns 150 (6) 75 (3)
Reinforced foundation
walls and footings 125 (5) 50 (2)
Plain footings, caissons,
and substructure walls 100 (4) 25 (1)
Pavements 75 (3) 50 (2)

Heavy mass construction 53 (3) 25 (1)
Curing of Concrete Samples
• To prevent evaporation of water, cover

the specimens with either:
- non-absorptive, non-reactive plate
- a sheet of tough, durable
impervious plastic
• Remove the specimens from the molds
24 +/- 8 h after casting.
Curing of Concrete Samples
• Specimens shall be moist cured at 23

+/- 2 deg. C from the time of casting
until date of testing
• Storage during the first 48 h of curing
shall be in a vibration-free
environment
• Specimens shall not be exposed to
dripping or running water
Shipment and Care of
Samples
After 4 to 7 days of curing in the
field, the samples should be carefully
packed and crated, surrounded with
damp sawdust or hay straw and then
shipped to the testing laboratory.
Testing of
Concrete Samples
Significance of Proper Testing
Test results on concrete samples

reflect the actual strength of the
structure. If the testing is incorrect,
results will be unsatisfactory but the
concrete may be structurally sound.
Causes of Unsatisfactory Test Result of
Samples
 Inadequate compaction of sample
 Incorrect sampling
 Contamination of sample
 Damage to sample
 Inadequate curing and protection
 of sample
 Incorrect test method and
procedure
 Inaccurate test result
 Mixed samples
FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF CONCRETE
(Using Simple Beam with Third-Point Loading)
Calculations:
If the rupture occurs within the middle third of the

span length, the modulus of rupture shall be
calculated as follows:
R= PL
bd²
where :
R = modulus of rupture in MPa or psi
P = max. applied load indicated by testing machine in Ton,
N or lb.
L = span length in mm or in.
b = ave. width of specimen in mm or in.
d = ave. depth of specimen in mm or in.
(Using Simple Beam with Mid-Point Loading)
P
d = L/3 = 6”
R = 3PL 9” 9”
2bd²
18”
where:
R = modulus of rupture, psi (MPa)
P = max. applied load indicated by the testing machine, lb.
L = span length, in (mm)
b = ave. width of specimen, in (mm)
d = ave. depth of specimen, in (mm)
(Using Simple Beam with Third-Point
Loading)
Ex. R= ?
P = 7000 lb. b = 6 in.
L= 18 in. d = 6 in.
R = PL
bd²
R = 7000 (18)
6 (6)²
= 583 psi or 4.02 MPa
Example
:
One (1) set of beam sample was taken on a newly poured
(330 sq.m.) reinforced concrete pavement. The flexural
strength of the samples when tested by the third-point
method are:
Sample I.D. Strength

MPa/(psi)
B1 3.9 (566)
B2 3.2 (464)
B3 4.5 (652)
Remarks:
____________
Example :
One (1) set of beam sample was taken on a newly poured
(330 sq.m.) reinforced concrete pavement. The flexural
strength of the samples when tested by the mid-point
method are:
(MPa/(psi)
B1
B2 4.7 (682)
B3 5.1 (740)
3.9 (566)
Remarks:
____________
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CYLINDRICAL
CONCRETE SPECIMENS
R = P/A
where:
R = modulus of rupture, psi (MPa)
P = max. applied load indicated by the testing
machine, lb.
A = cross-sectional area of the specimen
During the application of the first half of the
anticipated load, a higher rate of loading shall
be permitted. Note the type of failure and the
appearance of the concrete.
Example :
One (1) set of cylinder sample was taken on a newly
poured (75 cu.m.) reinforced concrete pavement. The
compressive strength of the samples when tested are:

MPa/(psi)
C1 23.1 (3,350)
C2 24.4 (3,538)
C3 25.0 (3,625)
Remarks: ____________
Control In
Placing
Concrete
Significance of Site Inspection
There is no substitute for site quality control
inspection in concreting work. Total dependence
on test results from control samples can be
misleading. If there are defects in workmanship,
the concrete structure may be structurally
unsound although test results are satisfactory.
This may be due to one or a combination of the
following:
1. Addition of water after samples have been taken
2. Delayed placing
3. Unsuitable weather conditions (rain or excessive
heat)
4. Inadequate compaction
5. Inadequate curing and protection
6. Defective construction control
7. Contamination of concrete mix before or during
placement
Concrete Production
Control
Whether the concrete is mixed at the site, at a
central plant or by transit mixer, the following
control measures should be strictly observed:
1. The moisture content of aggregate should be

determined constantly for adjustment of mix
proportions.
2. The measuring scales should be calibrated and
checked periodically.
3. Measurement of aggregate, water and cement
should be checked closely.
4. Segregation in coarse aggregate should be reduced
to minimum by separating the material into several
size fractions and batching the fractions
separately.
Concrete Production
Control
5. Insure thorough mixing since it is essential for
the production of uniform concrete.
The equipment and methods used should be capable of mixing
effectively the aggregate containing the largest sizes to produce
uniform mixes of the lowest slump practical for the work.
The mixing time required should be based upon the ability of

the mixer to produce uniform concrete throughout the batch and
from batch to batch. The usual specifications, such as 1 min for ¾
cu.m. plus 1 min for each additional ¾ cu.m. of capacity can be
used as a guide for establishing initial mixing time. However, final
mixing time to be followed should be based on mixer performance.
Concrete is transported by various means
such as:
1. Truck mixer
2. Pipeline or hose
3. Conveyor belt
The method used should efficiently deliver the
concrete to the point of placement without
significantly altering its desired properties. Each
method of transportation has advantages under
particular conditions of use. These should be
evaluated in selecting the type of transportation
best suited for economically obtaining the required
quality of concrete in –place.
Concrete is deposited to its final position
by:
1. Bucket
2. Hopper
3. Buggy
4. Chute
5. Conveyor belt
6. Paving equipment
The equipment and method used for placing
concrete should avoid separation of coarse
aggregates from the concrete. Selection of
equipment should be based on capability for
efficiency handling concrete of the most
advantageous proportions that can be readily
consolidated in-place by vibration. Care should be
taken so that the concrete can be kept plastic and
free of cold joints while it is placed.
Control in Placing Concrete
• Concrete should be placed in horizontal layers

not exceeding 60 cm in depth, avoiding inclined
layers and cold joints.
• For monolithic construction, each concrete layer
should be placed while the underlying layer is
still responsive to vibration, and layers should
be sufficiently shallow to permit knitting the
two together by final vibration.
• Concrete should be deposited at or near its final
position in the placement, eliminating the
tendency to segregate when it has to be moved
laterally.
Fig. 4 – Placing Slab Concrete by Buggy
In placing slab concrete, it should be deposited

into the face of the concrete in-place, and not
away from it.
Fig. 5 – Placing Concrete on a Sloping Surface
On a sloping surface, concrete should be placed

at the lower portion of the slope first,
progressing upward, thereby increasing natural
compaction of the concrete.
Fig. 6 – Placing Concrete on a Sloping Surface from
a Chute
The proper method of placing concrete on a
sloping surface from a chute.
Consolidation of Concrete
Internal vibration when properly applied is the most
effective method of consolidating and placing concrete.
It permits proper placement of concrete containing less
water and fines than required when concrete is not
vibrated. Internal vibration is generally best suited for
ordinary construction.
Request for increases in mixing water are frequently
made on the job when concrete of relatively stiff
consistency will not flow down chutes or drop out of
hoppers, although it is evident that the concrete is
workable and can be satisfactorily consolidated with
proper vibration. The request for additional water are
not valid and should not be granted, since the defect is
not in the mix proportion but in the adequacy of placing
and consolidating equipment.
Placing of Concrete
• vibrators shall be used for consolidation
only, and not for moving concrete
horizontally along the forms.
• a well consolidated concrete is 20 % to 25 %
higher in strength than that of concrete
which is not thoroughly consolidated.
• concrete not in-place within 90 minutes
from the time the ingredients were charged
into the mixing drum or that has developed
initial set shall not be used.
Fig. 7 – Consolidation of Concrete by Vibrator
Vibrators should not be used to move
concrete laterally and should be inserted and
withdrawn vertically at close intervals.
Batching
• Most specifications require that
batching be done by weight rather
than by volume because of inaccuracies
in measuring aggregate by volume.
• The use of the weight system for

batching provides greater accuracy and
simplicity and avoids the problem
created by bulking of damp sand.
Limitation of Mixing
• no concrete shall be mixed, placed or finished
when the natural light is insufficient, unless an
adequate and approved artificial lighting
system is operated.
• re-tempering of concrete or mortar which has

partially hardened that is remixing with or
without additional cement, aggregate or
water, shall not be permitted.
Curing of
Concrete
Samples
Curing
Curing is keeping the concrete
moist so that hydration of the cement
can continue. Curing improves greatly
the surface condition and general
quality of concrete. It is done
immediately after final placement of
the concrete to prevent or minimize
the occurrence of plastic shrinkage
cracks.
Fig. 8 – Effect of Moist Curing on Strength Development
in Concrete
Adequate curing is contributory to the attainment of
potential strength. The longer the period of moist
curing, the higher is the strength attained. Strength-
gain is fastest at early ages.
Curing of Concrete Pavement
• Immediately after finishing operations

have been completed and the concrete
has sufficiently set, the entire surface
of the newly placed concrete shall be
cured for a period of 72 hours
Curing
Curing can be accomplished with any of the
following methods:
• By covering the concrete with mats
saturated with water.
• By thoroughly wetting the pavement and
covering its top.
• By ponding, which involves maintaining a
layer of water on the surface of the
pavement by means of earth or sand dikes.
• By spraying uniformly with white pigmented
curing compound immediately after finishing
of the surface.
Curing of Concrete
Forms – in-place Method
• Formed surfaces of concrete
may be cured by retaining the
form-in-place and shall remain in
place for a minimum period of 7
days after the concrete has been
placed, except that for members
over 50 cm in least dimensions,
the form shall remain in-place for
a minimum period of 5 days.
Wooden forms shall be kept wet
by watering during the curing
period.
Protection
Of
Concrete
Protection from Damage
Construction operations may injure
concrete already in place by
overloading, jarring, or surface
abrasion. Continued jarring or
vibration, if not severe, is not generally
detrimental; but heavy impact on
green concrete will disturb the mass
and should not be permitted. Floors
over which construction activities are
carried on should be covered.
Protection from Damage
Backfilling against concrete should

be done only when the concrete is
strong enough to carry the load, and
only if performed with care to avoid
impact.
Protection of Pavement
• In order that the concrete may be
properly protected against rain before
the concrete is sufficiently hardened,
the Contractor will be required to
have at all times, materials for the
protection of the edges and surface
of the unhardened concrete.
Removal of Forms
• forms for concrete shall remain in place

undisturbed for not less than 24 hours
after concrete pouring.
• In case portions of the concrete are spalled

during the removal of forms, they shall be
immediately repaired with fresh mortar
mixed in the proportioned of one part of
Portland Cement and two parts of fine
aggregates.
• in case major honeycombs occurs on sides

of the pavement, it shall be removed and
replaced at the expense of the contractor.
Opening to Traffic (for
pavement)
• the concrete pavement will not be opened to

traffic until the test specimens molded and
cured have attained the minimum strength
requirements.
• if tests are not conducted prior to the

specified age, the pavement shall not be
operated to traffic until 14 days after the
concrete was placed.
CONCRETE SPECIFICATIONS
• ITEM 311 – Portland Cement Concrete Pavement
• ITEM 400 - Piling
• ITEM 404 – Reinforcing Steel
• ITEM 405 – Structural Concrete
• ITEM 406 – Prestressed Concrete Structures
• ITEM 500 – Pipe Culverts and Storm Drains
• ITEM 504 – Cleaning and Reconditioning Existing Drainage Structures
• ITEM 505 – Riprap and Grouted Riprap
• ITEM 700 – Hydraulic Cement
• ITEM 704 – Masonry Units
• ITEM 708 - Chemical Admixtures for Concrete
• ITEM 714 – Water
Item 311
Portland Cement
Concrete
Pavement
Description
This Item shall consist of pavement of

Portland Cement Concrete, with or without
reinforcement, constructed on the prepared
base in accordance with this Specification
and in conformity with lines, grades,
thickness and typical cross-section shown on
the Plans.
Material Requirements
Portland Cement
It shall conform to the applicable requirements of Item

700, Hydraulic Cement. Only Type I Portland Cement shall
be used unless otherwise provided for in the Special
Provisions.
Different brands or the same brands from different mills

shall not be mixed nor shall they be used alternately unless
the mix is approved by the Engineer. However, the use of
Portland Pozzolan Cement Type IP meeting the requirements
of AASHTO M 240/ASTM C 595,
Cement which for any reason, has become partially set or
which contains lumps of caked cement shall be rejected.
Cement salvaged from discarded or used bags shall not be
used.
Fine Aggregate
- shall consist of natural sand, stone screenings or

other inert materials with similar characteristics,
or combinations thereof, having hard, strong and
durable particles.
-fine aggregate from different sources of supply

shall not be mixed or stored in the same pile nor
used alternately in the same class of concrete
without the approval of the engineer.
-shall not contain more than three (3) mass

percent of material passing the 0.075 mm (no. 200
sieve) by washing nor more than one (1) mass
percent each of clay lumps or shale.
-use of beach sand will not be allowed without the

approval of the engineer.
Fine Aggregate
- If subjected to five (5) cycles of the sodium sulfate

soundness test, the weighted loss shall not exceed 10
mass percent.
- shall be free from injurious amounts of organic

impurities
- shall be well-graded from coarse to fine and shall

conform to Table 311.1
Table 311.1 – Grading Requirements for Fine
Aggregate
Sieve Designation Mass Percent Passing
9.5 mm (3/8 in) 100

4.75 mm (No. 4) 95 – 100
2.36 mm (No. 8) -
1.18 mm (No. 16) 45 – 80
0.600 mm (No. -
30)
0.300 mm (No. 5 – 30
50)
0.150 mm (No. 0 – 10
100)
Coarse Aggregate
- shall consist of crushed stone, gravel, blast furnace

slag, or other approved inert materials (coralline or
dolomites) of similar characteristics, or combinations
thereof, having hard, strong, durable pieces and free from
any adherent coatings.
- shall contain not more than one (1) mass percent of

material passing the 0.075 mm (No. 200) sieve, not more
than 0.25 mass percent of clay lumps, nor more than 3.5
mass percent of soft fragments.
Coarse Aggregate
- if subjected to five (5) cycles of the sodium sulfate

soundness test, the weighted loss shall not exceed 12
mass percent.
- shall have a mass percent of wear not exceeding 40

when tested by AASHTO T 96.
- If the slag is used, its density shall not be less than

1120 kg/m3.
- Only one grading specification shall be used from

any one source.
Table 311.2 – Grading Requirement for Coarse Aggregate

Standard Alternate Grading Grading Grading
mm U. S. A B C
Standard
75.00 3 in. 100 - -
63.00 2-1/2 in. 90-100 100 100
50.00 2 in. - 90-100 95-100
37.5 1-1/2 in. 25-60 35-70 -
25.0 1 in. - 0-15 35-70
19.0 ¾ in. 0-10 - -
12.5 ½ in. 0-5 0-5 10-30
4.75 No. 4 - - 0-5
Water
- Water used in mixing, curing or other designated

application shall be reasonably clean and free of oil,
salt, acid, alkali, grass or other substances injurious
to the finished product.
- Water will be tested in accordance with and shall

meet the requirements of Item 714, Water.
- Water which is drinkable may be used without

test. Where the source of water is shallow, the intake
shall be so enclosed as to exclude silt, mud, grass or
other foreign materials.
Reinforcing Steel
- shall conform to the requirements of Item 404,

Reinforcing Steel.
- Dowels and tie bars shall conform to the

requirements of AASHTO M 31 or M 42, except that rail
steel shall not be used for tie bars that are to be bent
and re-straightened during construction.
- Tie bars shall be deformed bars.
- Dowels shall be plain round bars.
- Before delivery to the site of work, one-half of the

length of each dowel shall be painted with one coat of
approved lead or tar paint.
Reinforcing Steel
- The sleeves for dowel bars shall be metal of

approved design to cover 50 mm, plus or minus 5 mm
of the dowel, with a closed end, and with a suitable
stop to hold the end of the sleeve at least 25 mm from
the end of the dowel.
- Sleeves shall be of such design that they do not

collapse during construction.
Wire Mesh
- The diameter of wire for lateral and longitudinal

directions shall not be less than 6 mm in diameter.
- Tie wire shall be No. 16 gauged annealed wire.

Fabrication of Wire Mesh
- The spacing on the lateral direction is twice wider

than that of the longitudinal direction.
- The weight of wire mesh shall not be less than 3

kg/m2. It shall be fabricated by welding or binding at
each crossing point and shall meet the requirements of
ASTM A 185.
Installation of Wire Mesh
- After placement of slip bar placed at every 9.0 m

maximum interval for weakened plane joint, wire mesh
shall be placed at a depth of 5.0 cm to 7.5 cm below the
surface of the slab or at 2/3 of thickness from the
bottom of the pavement.
- It shall be supported by any approved support

assemblies or spacers against displacement and shall
be tied to it using tie wires.
- The sheets of the welded wire mesh shall be flat,

and proper care shall be observed in handling and
placing it to ensure its installation in the proper
position.
- Welded mire mesh that have become bent or

kinked shall be rejected.
Joint Fillers
- Poured joint fillers shall be mixed asphalt and

mineral or rubber filler conforming to the applicable
requirements of Item 705, Joint Materials.
- Preformed joint filler shall conform to the applicable

requirements of Item 705. It shall be punched to admit
the dowels where called for in the Plans. The filler for
each joint shall be furnished in a single piece for the full
depth and width required for the joint.
Admixtures
- Chemical admixtures, if specified or permitted,

shall conform to the requirements of AASHTO M 194.
- Fly Ash, if specified or permitted as a mineral

admixture and not exceeding 20% partial
replacement of Portland cement in concrete mix shall
conform to the requirements of ASTM C 618.
Admixtures
- Admixture/s maybe added to the concrete mix to

produce some desired modifications to the properties of
concrete if necessary, but not as partial replacement of
cement.
- If specified, monofilament polypropylene synthetic

fibrin fibers, which are used as admixture to prevent the
formation of temperature/shrinkage cracks and
increase impact resistance of concrete slabs shall be
applied in the dosage rate recommended by its
manufacturer.
Curing Materials
- Curing materials shall conform to the following

requirements as specified;
a) Burlap cloth - AASHTO M 182

b) Liquid membrane - AASHTO M 148
forming compounds
c) Sheeting (film) - AASHTO M 171
materials
- Cotton mats and water-proof paper can be used.
Proportioning, Consistency and Strength of Concrete
- The Contractor shall prepare the design mix based on

the absolute volume method as outlined in the American
Concrete Institute (ACI) Standard 211.1, “Recommended
Practice for Selecting Proportions for Normal and
Heavyweight Concrete”.
- It is the intent of this Specification to require at least

364 kg of cement per cubic meter of concrete to meet the
minimum strength requirements.
Proportioning, Consistency and Strength of Concrete
- The Engineer shall determine from laboratory

tests of the materials to be used, the cement content
and the proportions of aggregate and water that will
produce workable concrete having a slump of between
40 and 75 mm if not vibrated or between 10 and 40 mm
if vibrated, and a flexural strength of not less than 3.8
MPa when tested by the third-point method or 4.5 MPa
when tested by the mid-point method at fourteen (14)
days in accordance with AASHTO T 97 and T 177,
respectively; or a compressive strength of 24.1 MPa for
cores taken at fourteen (14) days and tested in
accordance with AASHTO T 24.
Proportioning, Consistency and Strength of
Concrete
- The mix design shall be submitted to the

engineer for approval and shall be accompanied
with certified test data from an approved laboratory
demonstrating the adequacy of the mix design.
- A change in the source of materials during the

progress of work may necessitate a new design mix.
Equipment
Equipment and tools necessary for handling

materials and performing all parts of the work shall be
approved by the engineer as to design, capacity and
mechanical condition. the equipment shall be at the
jobsite sufficiently ahead of the start of construction
operations to be examined thoroughly and approved.
1. Batching Plant
2. Mixers
a. General. Concrete may be mixed at the Site of
construction or at a central plant, or wholly or in part in
truck mixers
b. Mixers at Site of Construction
c. Truck Mixer and Truck Agitators
d. Non-Agitator Truck.
Equipment
3. Paving and Finishing Equipment
The concrete shall be placed with an approved

paver designed to spread, consolidate, screed
and float finish the freshly placed concrete in
one complete pass of the machine in such a
manner that a minimum of hand finishing will be
necessary to provide a dense and homogeneous
pavement in conformance with the Plans and
Specifications.
Forms
- Forms shall be of steel, of an approved

section, and of depth equal to the thickness of
the pavement at the edge.
- The base of the forms shall be of sufficient

width to provide necessary stability in all
directions.
Preparation of Grade
- after the sub-grade of base has been placed and
compacted to the required density, the areas which will
support the paving machine and the grade on which the
pavement is to be constructed shall be trimmed to the
proper elevation by means of a properly designed
machine extending the prepared work areas compacted
at least 60 cm beyond each edge of the proposed
concrete pavement.
- if loss of density results from the trimming

operations, it shall be restored by additional compaction
before concrete is placed.
- if any traffic is allowed to use the prepared subgrade

or base, the surface shall be checked and corrected
immediately ahead of the placing concrete.
- the sub-grade or base shall be uniformly moist when

the concrete is placed.
Setting Forms
1. Base Support.
The foundation under the forms shall be hard and true

to grade so that the form when set will be firmly in
contact for its whole length and at the specified grade.
2. Form Setting
Forms shall be set sufficiently in advance of the

point where concrete is being placed
3. Grade and Alignment
When any form has been disturbed or any grade has

become unstable, the form shall be reset and rechecked.
Conditioning of Sub-grade or Base Course
- When side forms have been securely set to grade, the

sub-grade or base course shall be brought to proper cross-section.
- High areas shall be trimmed to proper elevation. Low

areas shall be filled and compacted to a condition similar to that
of surrounding grade.
- The finished grade shall be maintained in a smooth and

compacted condition until the pavement is placed.
Mixing Concrete
- The concrete may be mixed at the site of the work in

a central-mix plant, or in truck mixers. The mixer shall be
of an approved type and capacity. Mixing time will be
measured from the time all materials, except water, are in
the drum.
- When mixed at the site or in a central mixing plant,

the mixing time shall not be less than fifty (50) seconds
nor more than ninety (90) seconds for drum type mixers,
unless mixer performance tests prove adequate mixing of
the concrete in shorter time period.
- The operation and mixing time for pan, twin shaft

and other type of central mixers shall be based on the
mixer manufacturer’s instructions.
Mixing Concrete
- Mixed concrete from the central mixing plant shall

be transported in truck mixers, truck agitators or non-
agitating truck.
- The time elapsed from the time water is added to

the mix until the concrete is deposited in place at the Site
shall not exceed forty five (45) minutes when the concrete
is hauled in non-agitating trucks, nor ninety (90) minutes
when hauled in truck mixers or truck agitators, except that
in hot weather or under other conditions contributing to
quick hardening of the concrete, the maximum allowable
time may be reduced by the Engineer.
- In exceptional cases and when volumetric

measurements are authorized for small project requiring
less than 75 cu.m. of concrete per day of pouring, the
weight proportions shall be converted to equivalent
volumetric proportions.
Mixing Concrete
- Concrete mixing by chute is allowed provided that

weighing scales for determining the batch weight will be
used.
- Re-tempering concrete by adding water or by other

means shall not be permitted, except that when concrete
is delivered in truck mixers, additional water may be
added to the batch materials and additional mixing
performed to increase the slump to meet the specified
requirements, if permitted by the Engineer, provided all
these operations are performed within forty-five (45)
minutes after the initial mixing operation and the water-
cement ratio is not exceeded.
- Concrete that is not within the specified slump limits

at the time of placement shall not be used. Admixtures
for increasing the workability or for accelerating the
setting of the concrete will be permitted only when
specifically approved by the Engineer.
Limitation of Mixing
- No concrete shall be mixed, placed or finished when

natural light is insufficient, unless an adequate and
approved artificial lighting system is operated.
- During hot weather, the Engineer shall require that

steps be taken to prevent the temperature of mixed
concrete from exceeding a maximum temperature of 320C.
- Concrete not in place within ninety (90) minutes from

the time the ingredients were charged into the mixing
drum or that has developed initial set shall not be used.
- Re-tempering of concrete or mortar which has

partially hardened, that is remixing with or without
additional cement, aggregate, or water, shall not be
permitted.
Placing Concrete
- concrete shall be deposited in such a manner to
require
minimal re-handling.
- necessary hand spreading shall be done with shovels,

not rakes.
- workmen shall not be allowed to walk in the freshly

mixed concrete with boots or shoes coated with earth or
foreign substances.
- when concrete is to be placed adjoining a previously

constructed lane and mechanical equipment will be
operated upon the existing lane, that previously
constructed lane shall have attained the strength for
fourteen (14) day concrete.
- if only finishing equipment is carried on the existing

lane, paving in adjoining lanes may be permitted after
three (3) days.
Placing Concrete
- Concrete shall be thoroughly consolidated against

and along the faces of all forms and along the full length
and on both sides of all joint assemblies by means of
vibrators inserted in the concrete.
- Vibrators shall not be permitted to come in contact

with a joint assembly, the grade, or a side form. In no
case shall the vibrator be operated longer than fifteen
(15) seconds in any one location.
- Concrete shall be deposited as near as possible to

the expansion and contraction joints without disturbing
them.
- Should any concrete material fall on or be worked

into the surface of a complete slab, it shall be removed
immediately.
Test Specimens
- As work progresses, at least one (1) set consisting of

three (3) concrete beam test specimens, 150 mm x 150
mm x 525 mm or 900 mm shall be taken from each 330
m2 of pavement, 230 mm depth, or fraction thereof placed
each day.
- Test specimens shall be made under the supervision

of the Engineer, and the Contractor shall provide all
concrete and other facilities necessary in making the test
specimens and shall protect them from damage by
construction operations.
- Cylinder samples shall not be used as substitute for

determining the adequacy of the strength of concrete.
Strike-off of Concrete and Placement of Reinforcement
- Following the placing of the concrete, it shall be

struck off to conform to the cross-section and elevation
shown on the Plans.
- When reinforced concrete is placed in one layer, the

reinforcement may be firmly positioned in advance of
concrete placement or it may be placed at the depth shown
on the Plans in plastic concrete, after spreading by
mechanical or vibratory means.
- Reinforcing steel shall be free from dirt, oil, paint,

grease, mill scale and loose or thick rust which could
impair bond of the steel with the concrete.
Joints
Joints shall be constructed of the type and

dimensions, and at the locations required by the Plans or
Special Provisions
1. Longitudinal Joint
- Deformed steel tie bars of specified length, size,

spacing and materials shall be placed perpendicular to the
longitudinal joints, they shall be placed by approved
mechanical equipment or rigidly secured by chair or other
approved supports to prevent displacement.
- Tie bars shall not be painted or coated with asphalt

or other materials or enclosed in tubes or sleeves.
- Tie bars, except those made of rail steel, may be bent

at right angles against the form of the first lane constructed
and straightened into final position before the concrete of the
adjacent lane is placed.
Joints
- Longitudinal formed joints shall consist of a groove or cleft,

extending downward from and normal to the surface of the
pavement. The groove or cleft shall be filled with either a pre-
molded strip or poured material as required.
- The longitudinal joints shall be continuous. There shall be

no gaps in either transverse or longitudinal joints at the
intersection of the joints.
- Longitudinal sawed joints shall be cut by means of approved

concrete saws to the depth, width and line shown on the Plans.
- The longitudinal joint shall be sawed before the end of the

curing period or shortly thereafter and before any equipment or
vehicles are allowed on the pavement. The sawed area shall be
thoroughly cleaned and, if required, the joint shall immediately be
filled with sealer.
Joints
2. Transverse Expansion Joint
- The expansion joint filler shall be continuous from

form to form, shaped to sub-grade and to the keyway
along the form.
- Preformed joint filler shall be furnished in lengths

equal to the pavement width or equal to the width of one
lane .
- Damaged or repaired joint filler shall not be used.
- Finished joint shall not deviate more than 6 mm from

a straight line.
Joints
3. Transverse Contraction Joint/Weakened Joint
- The depth of the weakened plane joint should at all times

not be less than 50 mm, while the width should not be more
than 6 mm.
a. Transverse Strip Contraction Joint
- It shall be formed by installing a parting strip to be left

in place as shown on the Plans.
b. Formed Groove
- It shall be made by depressing an approved tool or

device into the plastic concrete. The tool or device shall
remain in place at least until the concrete has attained its
initial set and shall then be removed without disturbing
the adjacent concrete, unless the device is designed to
remain in the joint.
Joints
3. Transverse Contraction Joint/Weakened Joint
b. Formed Groove
- It shall be made by depressing an approved tool or

device into the plastic concrete.
c. Sawed Contraction Joint
- It shall be created by sawing grooves in the surface of

the pavement of the width not more than 6 mm, depth
should at all times not be less than 50 mm, and at the
spacing and lines shown on the Plans, with an approved
concrete saw.
- Sawing of the joint shall commence as soon as the
concrete has hardened sufficiently to permit sawing without
excessive ravelling, usually 4 to 24 hours.
- All joints shall be sawed before uncontrolled shrinkage

cracking takes place.
- The sawing of any joint shall be omitted if crack occurs at

or near the joint location prior to the time of sawing.
- Sawing shall be discounted when a crack develops ahead

of the saw.
Joints
4. Transverse Construction Joint
- It shall be constructed when there is an interruption of

more than 30 minutes in the concreting operations.
- No transverse joint shall be constructed within 1.50 m of

an expansion joint, contraction joint, or plane of weakness.
- If sufficient concrete has been mixed at the time of

interruption to form a slab of at least 1.5 m long, the excess
concrete from the last preceding joint shall be removed and
disposed off as directed.
Joints
5. Load Transfer Device
- Dowel, when used, shall be held in position parallel to the

surface and center line of the slab by a metal device that is
left in the pavement.
- The portion of each dowel painted with one coat of lead

or tar shall be thoroughly coated with approved bituminous
materials, e.g., MC-70, or an approved lubricant, to prevent
the concrete from binding to that portion of the dowel.
- The sleeves for dowels shall be metal designed to cover

50 mm plus or minus 5 mm, of the dowel, with a watertight
closed end and with a suitable stop to hold the end of the
sleeves at least 25 mm from the end of the dowel.
Final Strike-off (Consolidation and Finishing)
Sequence
- The sequence of operations shall be the strike-off and

consolidation, floating, removal of laitance, straight-edging and
final surface finish. Work bridges or other devices necessary to
provide access to the pavement surface for the purpose of
finishing, straight-edging, and make corrections as hereinafter
specified, shall be provided by the Contractor.
- In general, the addition of water to the surface of the

concrete to assist in finishing operations will not be permitted. If
the application of water to the surface is permitted, it shall be
applied as fog spray by means of an approved spray equipment.
Final Strike-off (Consolidation and Finishing)
Machine Finishing
a. Non-vibratory Method
- The concrete shall be distributed or spread as

soon as placed. As soon as the concrete has been
placed, it shall be struck off and screeded by an
approved finishing machine.
- Excessive operation over a given area shall be

avoided.
- During the first pass of the finishing machine, a

uniform ridge of concrete shall be maintained
ahead of the front screed in its entire length.
b. Vibratory Method
- When vibration is specified, vibrators for full

width vibration of concrete paving slabs, shall meet the
requirements in Subsection 311.3.2, Equipment.
- If uniform and satisfactory density of the concrete

is not obtained by the vibratory method at joints, along
forms, at structures, and throughout the pavement,
the Contractor will be required to furnish equipment
and method which will produce pavement conforming
to the Specifications.
Hand Finishing
Hand finishing methods may only be used under the

following conditions:
a. In the event of breakdown of the mechanical

equipment, hand methods may be used to finish the
concrete already deposited on the grade.
b. In narrow widths or areas of irregular dimensions

where operations of the mechanical equipment is
impractical, hand methods may be used.
The screed for the surface shall be at least 60 cm

longer than the maximum width of the slab to be struck
off.
Consolidation shall be attained by the use of suitable
vibrator or other approved equipment.
In operation, the screed shall be moved forward on the

forms with a combined longitudinal and transverse
shearing motion, moving always in the direction in which
the work is progressing and so manipulated that neither
end is raised from the side forms during the striking off
process.
If necessary, this shall be repeated until the surface is of

uniform texture, true to grade and cross-section, and
free from porous areas.
Floating
After the concrete has been struck off and

consolidated, it shall be further smoothed,
trued, and consolidated by means of a
longitudinal float, either by hand or mechanical
method.
a. Hand Method.
b. Mechanical Method.
c. Alternative Mechanical Method

Straight-edge Testing and Surface Correction
- After the floating is completed and the excess water

removed, but while the concrete is still plastic, the surface of
the concrete shall be tested for trueness with a 300 cm long
straight-edge.
- The straight-edge shall be held in contact with the surface

in successive positions parallel to the road center line and the
whole area gone over from one side of the slab to the other as
necessary. Advances along the road shall be in successive
stages of not more than one-half the length of the straight-edge.
- Any depressions found shall be immediately filled with

freshly mixed concrete, struck off, consolidated and refinished.
High areas shall be cut down and refinished. Special attention
shall be given to assure that the surface across joints meets the
requirements for smoothness.
Final Finish
- If the surface texture is broom finished, it shall applied

when the water sheen has practically disappeared. The broom shall
be drawn from the center to the edge of the pavement with
adjacent strokes slightly overlapping. The brooming operation
should be so executed that the corrugations produced in the
surface shall be uniform in appearance and not more than 1.5 mm
in depth.
- Brooming shall be completed before the concrete is in such

condition that the surface will be unduly roughened by the
operation. The surface thus finished shall be free from rough and
porous areas, irregularities, and depressions resulting from
improper handling of the broom. Brooms shall be of the quality,
size and construction and be operated so as to produce a surface
finish meeting the approval of the Engineer.
Edging at Forms and Joints
- After the final finish, but before the concrete has taken its
initial set, the edges of the pavement along each side of each slab,
and on each side of transverse expansion joints, formed joints,
transverse construction joints, and emergency construction joints,
shall be worked with an approved tool and rounded to the radius
required by the Plans. A well – defined and continuous radius shall
be produced and a smooth, dense mortar finish obtained. The
surface of the slab shall not be unduly disturbed by tilting the tool
during the use.
- At all joints, any tool marks appearing on the slab adjacent to

the joints shall be eliminated by brooming the surface. In doing
this, the rounding of the corner of the slab shall not be disturbed.
All concrete on top of the joint filler shall be completely removed.
Surface Test
- As soon as the concrete has hardened sufficiently, the

pavement surface shall be tested with a 3-m straight-edge or
other specified device.
- Areas showing high spots of more than 3 mm but not

exceeding 12 mm in 3 m shall be marked and immediately ground
down with an approved grinding tool to an elevation where the
area or spot will not show surface deviations in excess of 3 mm
when tested with 3 m straight-edge.
Surface Test
- Where the departure from correct cross-section exceeds 12

mm, the pavement shall be removed and replaced by and at the
expense of the Contractor.
- Any area or section so removed shall be not less than 1.5 m

in length and not less than the full width of the lane involved.
- When it is necessary to remove and replace a section of

pavement, any remaining portion of the slab adjacent to the joints
that is less than 1.5 m in length, shall also be removed and
replaced.
Curing
- Immediately after the finishing operations have been

completed and the concrete has sufficiently set, the entire surface
of the newly placed concrete shall be cured in accordance with
either one of the methods described herein.
- Failure to provide sufficient cover material of whatever kind

the Contractor may elect to use, or the lack of water to adequately
take care of both curing and other requirements, shall be a cause
for immediate suspension of concreting operations.
- The concrete shall not be left exposed for more than ½ hour
between stages of curing or during the curing period.
- In all congested places, concrete works should be designed

so that the designed strength is attained.
Curing
1.Cotton of Burlap Mats
The surface of the pavement shall be entirely covered with

mats. The mat shall be maintained fully wetted and in position for
72 hours after the concrete has been placed unless otherwise
specified.
2.Waterproof Paper
The top surface and sides of the pavement shall be entirely

covered with waterproof paper, the units shall be lapped at least
45 cm. Unless otherwise specified, the covering shall be
maintained in place for 72 hours after the concrete has been
placed. The surface of the pavement shall be thoroughly wetted
prior to the placing of the paper.
3. Straw Curing
When this type of curing is used, the pavement shall be cured

initially with burlap or cotton mats, until after final set of the
concrete or, in any case, for 12 hours after placing the concrete.
As soon as the mats are removed, the surface and sides of the
pavement shall be thoroughly wetted and covered with at least 20
cm of straw or hay, thickness of which is to be measured after
wetting. It shall be kept thoroughly saturated with water for 72
hours and thoroughly wetted down during the morning of the
fourth day, and the cover shall remain in place until the concrete
has attained the required strength.
Curing
4. Impervious Membrane Method
-the entire surface of the pavement shall be sprayed

uniformly with white pigmented curing compound immediately
after the finishing of the surface and before the set of the
concrete has taken place, or if the pavement is cured initially
with jute or cotton mats, it may be applied upon removal of the
mass. the curing compound shall not be applied during rain.
-curing compound shall be applied under pressure at the rate

4 l to not more than 14 m2 by mechanical sprayers. the spraying
equipment shall be equipped with a wind guard. curing
compound shall not be applied to the inside faces of joints to be
sealed, but approved means shall be used to insure proper curing
at least 72 hours and to prevent the intrusion of foreign material
into the joint before sealing has been completed.
Curing
5. White Polyethylene Sheet
- The top surface and sides of the pavement shall be entirely

covered with polyethylene sheeting. The units used shall be
lapped at least 45 cm. The sheeting shall be so placed and
weighted down so as to cause it to remain intimate contact with
the surface covered. The sheeting as prepared for use shall have
such dimension that each unit as laid will extend beyond the
edges of the slab at least twice the thickness of the pavement.
- Unless otherwise specified, the covering shall be maintained

in place for 72 hours after the concrete has been placed.
Removal of Forms
- Forms for concrete shall remain in place undisturbed for not

less than twenty four (24) hours after concrete pouring. In the
removal of forms, crowbars should be used in pulling out nails and
pins. Care should be taken so as not to break the edges of the
pavement.
- In case portions of the concrete are spalled, they shall be

immediately repaired with fresh mortar mixed in the proportion of
one part of Portland Cement and two parts fine aggregates.
- Major honeycomb areas will be considered as defective work,

and shall be removed and replaced at the expense of the
Contractor.
- Any area or section so removed shall not be less than the

distance between weakened plane joint nor less than the full width
of the lane involved.
Sealing Joints
- Joints shall be sealed with asphalt sealant soon after

completion of the curing period and before the pavement is
opened to traffic, including the Contractor’s equipment. Just
prior to sealing, each joint shall be thoroughly cleaned of all
foreign materials including membrane curing compound and the
joint faces shall be clean and surface dry when the seal is applied.
- The sealing material shall be applied to each joint opening

to conform to the details shown on the Plans or as directed by the
Engineer.
- Preformed elastomeric gaskets for sealing joints shall be of
the cross-sectional dimensions shown on the Plans.
- Seals shall be installed by suitable tools, without elongation

and secured in placed with an approved lubricant adhesive which
shall cover both sides of the concrete joints.
- The seals shall be installed in a compressive condition and

shall at time of placement be below the level of the pavement
surface by approximately 6 mm.
- The seals shall be in one piece for the full width of each
transverse joint.
- The Contractor shall protect the pavement and its

appurtenances against both public traffic, and traffic caused by
his own employees and agents.
- This shall include watchmen to direct traffic, and the

erection of and maintenance of warning signs, lights, pavement
bridges or cross-overs, etc.
- The Plans or Special Provisions will indicate the location and

type of device or facility required to protect the work and provide
adequately for traffic.
- All boreholes after thickness and/or strength determinations

of newly constructed asphalt and concrete pavements shall be
immediately filled/restored with the prescribed concrete/asphalt
mix after completion of the drilling works.
- Any damage to the pavement, occurring prior to final

acceptance, shall be repaired or the pavement be replaced.
Concrete Pavement – Slip Form Method
If the Contract calls for the construction of pavement

without the use of fixed forms, the following provisions
shall apply:
1. Grade
- After the grade or base has been placed and compacted

to the required density, the areas which will support the paving
machine shall be cut to the proper elevation by means of a
properly designed machine.
- The grade on which the pavement is to be constructed

shall then be brought to the proper profile by means of properly
designed machine.
If the Contract calls for the construction of pavement

without the use of fixed forms, the following provisions
shall apply:
1. Grade
- If the density of the base is disturbed by the grading

operation, it shall be corrected by additional compaction before
concrete is placed.
- The grade should be constructed sufficiently in advance

of the placing of the concrete.
- If any traffic is allowed to use the prepared grade, the

grade shall be checked and corrected immediately before the
placing of concrete.
2. Placing Concrete
- The concrete shall be placed with an approved slip-form

paver designed to spread, consolidate, screed and float-finish the
freshly placed concrete in one complete pass of the machine in
such a manner that a minimum of hand finish will be necessary to
provide a dense and homogenous pavement in conformance with
the Plans and Specifications.
- The machine shall vibrate the concrete for the full width
and depth of the strip of pavement being placed. Such
vibration shall be accompanied with vibrating tubes or arms
working in the concrete or with a vibrating screed or pan
operating on the surface of the concrete.
2. Placing Concrete
- The sliding forms shall be rigidly held together laterally to

prevent spreading of the forms. The forms shall trail behind the
paver for such a distance that no appreciable slumping of the
concrete will occur, and that necessary final finishing can be
accomplished while the concrete is still within the forms. Any
edge slump of the pavement, exclusive of edge rounding, in
excess of 6 mm shall be corrected before the concrete has
hardened.
2. Placing Concrete
- The concrete shall be held at a uniform consistency, having a

slump of not more than 40 mm.
- The slip form paver shall be operated with as nearly as

possible a continuous forward movement and that all operations of
mixing, delivering and spreading concrete shall be coordinated so
as to provide uniform progress with stopping and starting of the
paver held to a minimum.
- If, for any reason, it is necessary to stop the forward

movement of the paver the vibratory and tamping elements shall
also be stopped immediately.
3. Finishing
- The surface smoothness and texture shall meet the

requirements of Subsections 311.3.13 and 311.3.14.
4. Curing
- Unless otherwise specified, curing shall be done in

accordance with one of the methods included in Subsection
311.3.15. The curing media shall be applied at the appropriate
time and shall be applied uniformly and completely to all surfaces
and edges of the pavement.
5. Joints
- All joints shall be constructed in accordance with

Subsection 311.3.12
6. Protection Against Rain
- In order that the concrete may be properly protected against

rain before the concrete is sufficiently hardened, the Contractor
will be required to have available at all times, materials for the
protection of the edges and surface of the unhardened concrete.
- Such protective materials shall consist of standard metal

forms or wood planks having a nominal thickness of not less than
50 mm and a nominal width of not less than the thickness of the
pavement at its edge for the protection of the pavement edges,
and covering material such as burlap or cotton mats, curing paper
or plastic sheeting materials for the protection of the surface of
the pavement.
Acceptance of Concrete
- The strength level of the concrete will be considered

satisfactory if the averages of all sets of three (3) consecutive
strength test results equal or exceed the specified strength, fc’
and no individual strength test result is deficient by more than
15% of the specified strength, fc’. A set shall consist of a minimum
of three (3) concrete beam specimens.
Concrete deemed to be not acceptable using the above

criteria may be rejected unless the Contractor can provide
evidence, by means of core tests, that the quality of concrete
represented by failed test results is acceptable in place.
At least three (3) representative cores shall be taken from

each member or area of concrete in place that is considered
deficient.
The location of cores shall be determined by the Engineer so

that there will be at least impairment of strength of the structure.
- Concrete in the area represented by the cores will be

considered adequate if the average strength of the cores is equal
to at least 85% of, and if no single core is less than 75% of, the
specified strength, fc’.
- If the strength of control specimens does not meet the

requirements of this Subsection, and it is not feasible or not
advisable to obtain cores from the structure due to structural
considerations, payment of the concrete will be made at an
adjusted price due to strength deficiency of concrete specimens
as specified hereunder:
Deficiency in Strength of Percent (%) of Contract

Concrete Specimens, Price Allowed
Percent (%)
Less than 5 100

5 to less than 10 80
25 or more 0
Opening to Traffic
- the engineer will decide when the pavement may be

opened to traffic.
- the road will not be opened to traffic until test specimens

molded and cured in accordance with aashto t 23 have
attained the minimum strength requirements in subsection
311.2.12.
- if such tests are not conducted prior to the specified age

the pavement shall not be operated to traffic until 14 days
after the concrete was placed. before opening to traffic, the
pavement shall be cleaned and joint sealing completed.
1.Tolerance in Pavement Thickness
1. General
- The thickness of the pavement will be determined by

measurement of cores from the completed pavement in
accordance with AASHTO T 148.
- The completed pavement shall be accepted on a lot basis.

A lot shall be considered as 1000 linear meters of pavement
when a single traffic lane is poured or 500 linear meters when two
lanes are poured concurrently.
1. General
- The last unit in each slab constitutes a lot in itself when its
length is at least ½ of the normal lot length. If the length of the
last unit is shorter than ½ of the normal lot length, it shall be
included in the previous lot.
- Other areas such as intersections, entrances, crossovers,

ramp, etc., will be grouped together to form a lot. Small irregular
areas may be included with other unit areas to form a lot.
- Each lot will be divided into five (5) equal segments and
one core will be obtained from each segment in accordance with
AASHTO T 24.
2. Pavement Thickness
- It is the intent of this Specification that the pavement has a

uniform thickness as called for on the Plans for the average of each lot as
defined. After the pavement has met all surface smoothness
requirements, cores for thickness measurements will be taken.
- In calculating the average thickness of the pavement, individual

measurements which are in excess of the specified thickness by more
than 5 mm will be considered as the specified thickness plus 5 mm and
measurement which are less than the specified thickness by more than
25 mm shall not be included in the average. When the average
thickness for the lot is deficient, the contract unit price will be adjusted
for thickness in accordance with paragraph (3 below).
- Individual areas within a segment found deficient in

thickness by more than 25 mm shall be evaluated by the Engineer,
and if in his judgment, the deficient areas warrant removal, they
shall be removed and replaced by the Contractor with pavement
of the specified thickness at his entire expense.
- However, if the evaluation of the Engineer is that the

deficient area should not be removed and replaced, such area will
not be paid.
- When the measurement of any core is less than the

specified thickness by more than 25 mm, the actual thickness of
the pavement in this area will be determined by taking additional
cores at no less than 5 m intervals parallel to the center line in
each direction from the affected location until a core is found in
each direction, which is not deficient in thickness by more than 25
mm.
- The area of slab for which no payment will be made shall

be the product of the paving width multiplied by the distance along
the center line of the road between transverse sections found not
deficient in thickness by more than 25 mm.
- The thickness of the remainder of the segment to be used

to get the average thickness of each lot shall be determined by
taking the average thickness of additional cores which are not
deficient by more than 25 mm.
1. Tolerance in Pavement Thickness
3. Adjustment for Thickness
- When the average thickness of the pavement per lot is

deficient, payment for the lot shall be adjusted as follows:
Deficiency in the Average Percent (%) of Contract

Thickness per lot (mm) Price Per Lot
0–5 100% payment
6 – 10 95% payment
11 – 15 85% payment
16 – 20 70% payment
21 – 25 50% payment
More than 25 Remove and replace/ No payment
No acceptance and final payment shall be made on
completed pavement unless core test for thickness
determination is conducted, except for Barangay Roads where
the implementing office is allowed to waive such test.
Method of Measurement
- The area to be paid for under this Item shall be the

number of square meters (m2) of concrete placed and accepted
in the completed pavement and completed pavement with wire
mesh.
- The width for measurements will be the width from

outside edge to outside edge of completed pavement as placed
in accordance with the Plans or as otherwise required by the
Engineer in writing.
- The length will be measured horizontally along the

center line of each roadway or ramp. Any curb and gutter
placed shall not be included in the area of concrete pavement
measured.
Basis of Payment
- The accepted quantity, measured as prescribed in

Section 311.4, shall be paid for at the contract unit price for
Portland Cement Concrete Pavement and Portland Cement
Concrete Pavement ( Reinforced with Wire Mesh) which price
and payment shall be full compensation for preparation of
roadbed and finishing of shoulders, unless otherwise provided
by the Special Provisions, furnishing all materials, for mixing,
placing, finishing and curing all concrete, for furnishing and
placing all joint materials, for sawing weakened plane joints,
for fitting the prefabricated center metal joint, for facilitating
and controlling traffic, and for furnishing all labor, equipment,
tools and incidentals necessary to complete the Item.
Basis of Payment
Payment will be made under:
Pay Item Number Description Unit of Measurement

311 (1) PCC Pavement (Plain) Square meter
311 (2) PCC Pavement (Reinforced) Square meter
311 (3) PCC Pavement (Reinforced with Square meter
Wire Mesh)
311 (4) PCC Pavement with Coralline Square meter
Materials as Coarse Aggregates
(Plain)
311 (5) PCC Pavement with Coralline Square meter
Materials as Coarse Aggregates
(Reinforced)
311 (6) PCC Pavement with Dolomites as Square meter
Aggregates (Plain)
311 (7) PCC Pavement with Dolomites as Square meter
Aggregates (Reinforced)
Item 405
Structural
Concrete
Description
This Item shall consist of furnishing,

placing and finishing concrete in all
structures except pavements in accordance
with this Specification and conforming to the
lines, grades, and dimensions shown on the
Plans. Concrete shall consist of a mixture of
Portland Cement, fine aggregate, coarse
aggregate, admixture when specified, and
water mixed in the proportions specified or
approved by the Engineer.
Classes and Uses of Concrete
Five classes of concrete are provided for in this Item and each class
shall be used in that part of the structure as called for on the Plans.
The classes of concrete will generally be used as follows:
Class A – All superstructures and heavily reinforced

substructures. The important parts of the structure included are
slabs, beams, girders, columns, arch ribs, box culverts,
reinforced abutments, retaining walls, and reinforced footings.
Class B – Footings, pedestals, massive pier shafts, pipe bedding,

and gravity walls, unreinforced or with only a small amount of
reinforcement.
Class C – Thin reinforced sections, railings, precast R.C. piles

and cribbing and for filler in steel grid floors.
Class P – Pre-stressed concrete structures and members.
Seal – Concrete deposited in water.

Material Requirements
Portland Cement
It shall conform to all the requirements of

Subsection 311.2.1.
Fine Aggregate
It shall conform to all the requirements of

Subsection 311.2.2.
Coarse Aggregate
It shall conform all the requirements of Subsection
311.2.3 except that gradation shall conform to Table 405.1.
Table 405.1 – Grading Requirements for Coarse

Aggregate
* The measured cement content shall be within plus (+) or
minus (-) 2 mass percent of the design cement content.
Standard Alternate Class Class Class Class Class
Mm US A B C P Seal
Standard
63 2-1/2” 100 100 100 100 100

50 2” 95 – 100 95 – 100 90 – 100 95 – 100 95 – 100
37.5 1-1/2” - - 40 – 70 - -
25 1” 35 – 70 35 – 70 0 – 15* 20 – 55 25 – 60
19.0 ¾” - - 0 – 10* -
12.5 ½” 10 – 30 10 – 30 0 – 10*
9.5 3/8” 0-5 -
4.75 No.4 0-5
Water
It shall conform to the requirements of Subsection 311.2.4
Reinforcing Steel
It shall conform to the requirements of Item 710, Reinforcing
Steel and Wire Rope.
Admixtures
Admixtures shall conform to the requirements of Subsection
311.2.
Curing Materials
Curing materials shall conform to the requirements of Subsection
311.2.8.
Expansion Joint Materials

Expansion joint materials shall be:
– Preformed Sponge Rubber and Cork, conforming to AASHTO M 153.
– Hot-Poured Elastic Type, conforming to AASHTO M 173.
– Preformed Fillers, conforming to AASHTO M 213.
Elastomeric Compression Joint Seals
These shall conform to AASHTO M 220.
Elastomeric Bearing Pads

These shall conform to AASHTO M 251
or Item 412 – Elastomeric Bearing Pads.
Storage of Cement and Aggregates

Storage of cement and aggregates shall
conform to all the requirements of Subsection
311.2.10.
Sampling and Testing of Structural Concrete
As work progresses, at least one (1) sample

consisting of three (3) concrete cylinder test
specimens, 150 x 300mm (6 x 12 inches), shall be
taken from each seventy five (75) cubic meters of
each class of concrete or fraction thereof placed
each day.
Production Requirements
Proportioning and Strength of Structural Concrete
The concrete materials shall be proportioned in

accordance with the requirements for each class of
concrete as specified in Table 405.2, using the absolute
volume method as outlined in the American Concrete
Institute (ACI) Standard 211.1. “Recommended Practice
for Selecting Proportions for Normal and Heavyweight
Concrete”. Other methods of proportioning may be
employed in the mix design with prior approval of the
Engineer. The mix shall either be designed or approved
by the Engineer. A change in the source of materials
during the progress of work may necessitate a new mix
design.
The strength requirements for each class of concrete shall be as specified in Table 405.2.
Table 405.2 - Composition and Strength of Concrete for Use in Structures
* The measured cement content shall be within plus or minus 2 mass percent of the design
cement content.
** Based on 40 kg/bag
Minimum Maximum Consistency Designated Minimum
Class Cement Water/ Range in Size of Coarse Compressive
Of Content Cement Slump Aggregate Strength of
Concrete Per m3 Ratio mm (inch) Square Opening 150x300mm
kg kg/kg Std. mm Concrete
(bag**) Cylinder
Specimen at
28 days,
MN/m2 (psi)
A 360 0.53 50 – 100 37.5 – 4.75 20.7

(9 bags) (2 – 4) (1-1/2” – No. 4) (3000)
B 320 0.58 50 – 100 50 – 4.75 16.5
(8 bags) (2 – 4) (2” – No. 4) (2400)
C 380 0.55 50 – 100 12.5 – 4.75 20.7
(9.5 bags) (2 – 4) (1/2” – No. 4) (3000)
P 440 0.49 100 max. 19.0 – 4.75 37.7
(11 bags) (4 max.) (3/4” – No. 4) (5000)
Seal 380 0.58 100 – 200 25 – 4.75 20.7
(9.5 bags) (4 - 8) (1” – No. 4) (3000)
Consistency
Concrete shall have a consistency such that it will be workable in

the required position. It shall be of such a consistency that it will
flow around reinforcing steel but individual particles of the coarse
aggregate when isolated shall show a coating of mortar containing
its proportionate amount of sand. The consistency of concrete
shall be gauged by the ability of the equipment to properly place it
and not by the difficulty in mixing and transporting. The quantity
of mixing water shall be determined by the Engineer and shall not
be varied without his consent. Concrete as dry as it is practical to
place with the equipment specified shall be used.
Batching
Measuring and batching of materials shall be done at a

batching plant.
Portland Cement
Either sacked or bulk cement may be used. No fraction of a

sack of cement shall be used in a batch of concrete unless the
cement is weighed. All bulk cement shall be weighed on an
approved weighing device. The bulk cement weighing hopper
shall be properly sealed and vented to preclude dusting
operation. The discharge chute shall not be suspended from
the weighing hopper and shall be so arranged that cement will
neither be lodged in it nor leak from it.
Accuracy of batching shall be within plus (+) or minus (-) 1

mass percent.
Water
Water may be measured either by volume

or by weight. The accuracy of measuring the
water shall be within a range of error of not
more than 1 percent.
Aggregates
Stockpiling of aggregates shall be in accordance with

Subsection 311.2.10. All aggregates whether produced or
handled by hydraulic methods or washed, shall be stockpiled or
binned for draining for at least 12 hours prior to batching. Rail
shipment requiring more than12 hours will be accepted as
adequate binning only if the car bodies permit free drainage. If
the aggregates contain high or non-uniform moisture content,
storage or stockpile period in excess of 12 hours may be required
by the Engineer.
Batching shall be conducted as to result in a 2 mass percent

maximum tolerance for the required materials.
Bins and Scales
The batching plant shall include separate bins for

bulk cement, fine aggregate and for each size of
coarse aggregate, a weighing hopper, and scales
capable of determining accurately the mass of each
component of the batch.
Scales shall be accurate to one-half (0.5) percent

throughout the range used.
Batching
When batches are hauled to the mixer, bulk cement shall be

transported either in waterproof compartments or between the fine
and coarse aggregate. When cement is placed in contact with
moist aggregates, batches will be rejected unless mixed within 1-
1/2 hours of such contact. Sacked cement may be transported on
top of the aggregates.
Batches shall be delivered to the mixer separate and intact.

Each batch shall be dumped cleanly into the mixer without loss,
and, when more than one batch is carried on the truck, without
spilling of material from one batch compartment into another.
Admixtures
The Contractor shall follow an approved procedure

for adding the specified amount of admixture to each
batch and will be responsible for its uniform operation
during the progress of the work. He shall provide
separate scales for the admixtures which are to be
proportioned by weight, and accurate measures for
those to be proportioned by volume. Admixtures shall
be measured into the mixer with an accuracy of plus or
minus three (3) percent.
The use of Calcium Chloride as an admixture will

not be permitted.
Mixing and Delivery
Concrete may be mixed at the site of construction, at a

central point or by a combination of central point and truck
mixing or by a combination of central point mixing and truck
agitating. Mixing and delivery of concrete shall be in
accordance with the appropriate requirements of
AASHTO M 157 except as modified in the following
paragraphs of this section, for truck mixing or a combination
of central point and truck mixing or truck agitating. Delivery
of concrete shall be regulated so that placing is at a
continuous rate unless delayed by the placing operations.
The intervals between delivery of batches shall not be so
great as to allow the concrete in-place to harden partially,
and in no case shall such an interval exceed 30 minutes.
In exceptional cases and when volumetric
measurements are authorized, for small project
requiring less than 75 cu.m. per day of pouring, the
weight proportions shall be converted to equivalent
volumetric proportions. In such cases, suitable
allowance shall be made for variations in the moisture
condition of the aggregates, including the bulking
effect in the fine aggregate. Batching and mixing shall
be in accordance with ASTM C 685, Section 6 through
9.
Concrete mixing, by chute is allowed provided

that a weighing scales for determining the batch weight
will be used.
For batch mixing at the site of construction or at a central point, a
batch mixer of an approved type shall be used. Mixer having a rated
capacity of less than a one-bag batch shall not be used. The volume of
concrete mixed per batch shall not exceed the mixer’s nominal capacity
as shown on the manufacturer’s standard rating plate on the mixer
except that an overload up to 10 percent above the mixer’s nominal
capacity may be permitted, provided concrete test data for strength,
segregation, and uniform consistency are satisfactory and provided no
spillage of concrete takes place. The batch shall be so charge into the
drum that a portion of the water shall enter in advance of the cement
and aggregates. The flow of water shall be uniform and all water shall be
in the drum by the end of the first 15 seconds of the mixing period.
Mixing time shall be measured from the time all materials, except water,
are in the drum. Mixing time shall not be less than 60 seconds for mixers
having a capacity of 1.5m3 or less. For mixers having a capacity greater
than 1.5m3, the mixing time shall not be less than 90 seconds. If timing
starts, the instant the skip reaches its maximum raised position, 4
seconds shall be added to the specified mixing time. Mixing time ends
when the discharge chute opens.
The mixer shall be operated at the drum speed as shown
on the manufacturer’s name plate on the mixer. Any concrete
mixed less than the specified time shall be discarded and
disposed off by the Contractor at his own expenses.
The timing device on stationary mixers shall be equipped

with a bell or other suitable warning device adjusted to give a
clearly audible signal each time the lock is released. In case of
failure of the timing device, the Contractor will be permitted to
continue operations while it is being repaired, provided he
furnishes an approved timepiece equipped with minute and
second hands. If the timing device is not placed in good working
order within 24 hours, further use of the mixer will be prohibited
until repairs are made.
Retempering concrete will not be permitted.
Admixtures for increasing the workability, for retarding
the set, or for accelerating the set or improving the
pumping characteristics of the concrete will be
permitted only when specifically provided for in the
Contract, or authorized in writing by the Engineer.
Mixing Concrete: General
Concrete shall be thoroughly mixed in a mixer of an approved

size and type that will insure a uniform distribution of the
materials throughout the mass.
All concrete shall be mixed in mechanically operated mixers.

Mixing plant and equipment for transporting and placing concrete
shall be arranged with an ample auxiliary installation to provide a
minimum supply of concrete in case of breakdown of machinery or
in case the normal supply of concrete is disrupted. The auxiliary
supply of concrete shall be sufficient to complete the casting of a
section up to a construction joint that will meet the approval of the
Engineer.
Equipment having components made of aluminum
or magnesium alloys, which would have contact with
plastic concrete during mixing, transporting or
pumping of Portland Cement concrete, shall not be
used.
Concrete mixers shall be equipped with adequate

water storage and a device of accurately measuring
and automatically controlling the amount of water
used.
Materials shall be measured by weighing. The
apparatus provided for weighing the aggregates and
cement shall be suitably designed and constructed
for this purpose. The accuracy of all weighing
devices except that for water shall be such that
successive quantities can be measured to within one
percent of the desired amounts. The water
measuring device shall be accurate to plus or minus
0.5 mass percent. All measuring devices shall be
subject to the approval of the Engineer. Scales and
measuring devices shall be tested at the expense of
the Contractor as frequently as the Engineer may
deem necessary to insure their accuracy.
Weighing equipment shall be insulated against
vibration or movement of other operating equipment
in the plant. When the entire plant is running, the
scale reading at cut-off shall not vary from the weight
designated by the Engineer more than one mass
percent for cement, 1-1/2 mass percent for any size of
aggregate, or one (1) mass percent for the total
aggregate in any batch.
Mixing Concrete at Site
Concrete mixers may be of the revolving drum or the

revolving blade type and the mixing drum or blades shall be
operated uniformly at the mixing speed recommended by the
manufacturer. The pick-up and throw-over blades of mixers
shall be restored or replaced when any part or section is worn
20mm or more below the original height of the manufacturer’s
design. Mixers and agitators which have an accumulation of
hard concrete or mortar shall not be used.
When bulk cement is used and volume of the batch is 0.5m3

or more, the scale and weigh hopper for Portland Cement shall
be separate and distinct from the aggregate hopper or
hoppers. The discharge mechanism of the bulk cement weigh
hopper shall be interlocked against opening before the full
amount of cement is in the hopper. The discharging
mechanism shall also be interlocked against opening when the
amount of cement in the hopper is underweight by more than
one (1) mass percent or overweight by more than 3 mass
percent of the amount specified.
When the aggregate contains more water than the quantity
necessary to produce a saturated surface dry condition,
representative samples shall be taken and the moisture content
determined for each kind of aggregate.
The batch shall be so charged into the mixer that some water
will enter in advance of cement and aggregate. All water shall be
in the drum by the end of the first quarter of the specified mixing
time.
Cement shall be batched and charged into the mixer so that it

will not result in loss of cement due to the effect of wind, or in
accumulation of cement on surface of conveyors or hoppers, or in
other conditions which reduce or vary the required quantity of
cement in the concrete mixture.
The entire content of a batch mixer shall be
removed from the drum before materials for a
succeeding batch are placed therein. The materials
composing a batch except water shall be deposited
simultaneously into the mixer.
All concrete shall be mixed for a period of not less

than 1-1/2 minutes after all materials, including water,
are in the mixer. During the period of mixing, the
mixer shall operate at the speed for which it has been
designed.
Mixers shall be operated with an automatic timing
device that can be locked by the Engineer. The time
device and discharge mechanics shall be so
interlocked that during normal operation no part of the
batch will be charged until the specified mixing time
has elapsed.
The first batch of concrete materials placed in the

mixer shall contain a sufficient excess of cement, sand,
and water to coat inside of the drum without reducing
the required mortar content of the mix. When mixing
is to cease for a period of one hour or more, the mixer
shall be thoroughly cleaned.
Mixing Concrete at Central Plant
Mixing at central plant shall conform to the

requirements for mixing at the site.
Mixing Concrete in Truck
Truck mixers, unless otherwise authorized by the

Engineer, shall be of the revolving drum type, water-tight,
and so constructed that the concrete can be mixed to
insure a uniform distribution of materials throughout the
mass. All solid materials for the concrete shall be
accurately measured and charged into the drum at the
proportioning plant. Except as subsequently provided,
the truck mixer shall be equipped with a device by which
the quantity of water added can be readily verified. The
mixing water may be added directly to the batch, in which
case a tank is not required. Truck mixers may be required
to be provided with a means of which the mixing time can
be readily verified by the Engineer.
The maximum size of batch in truck mixers shall not exceed the
minimum rated capacity of the mixer as stated by the manufacturer and
stamped in metal on the mixer. Truck mixing, shall, unless other-wise
directed be continued for not less than 100 revolutions after all
ingredients, including water, are in the drum. The mixing speed shall not
be less than 4 rpm, nor more than 6 rpm.
Mixing shall begin within 30 minutes after the cement has been added
either to the water or aggregate, but when cement is charged into a mixer
drum containing water or surface wet aggregate and when the
temperature is above 32oC, this limit shall be reduced to 15 minutes. The
limitation in time between the introduction of the cement to the aggregate
and the beginning of the mixing may be waived when, in the judgement of
the Engineer, the aggregate is sufficiently free from moisture, so that there
will be no harmful effects on the cement.
When a truck mixer is used for transportation, the mixing time

specified in Subsection 405.4.4 (3) at a stationary mixer may be reduced
to 30 seconds and the mixing completed in a truck mixer. The mixing time
in the truck mixer shall be as specified for truck mixing.
Transporting Mixed Concrete
Mixed concrete may only be transported to the

delivery point in truck agitators or truck mixers
operating at the speed designated by the
manufacturers of the equipment as agitating speed, or
in non-agitating hauling equipment, provided the
consistency and workability of the mixed concrete upon
discharge at the delivery point is suitable point for
adequate placement and consolidation in place.
Truck agitators shall be loaded not to exceed the

manufacturer’s guaranteed capacity. They shall
maintain the mixed concrete in a thoroughly mixed and
uniform mass during hauling.
No additional mixing water shall be incorporated into the
concrete during hauling or after arrival at the delivery point.
The rate of discharge of mixed concrete from truck mixers or

agitators shall be controlled by the speed of rotation of the drum
in the discharge direction with the discharge gate fully open.
When a truck mixer or agitator is used for transporting

concrete to the delivery point, discharge shall be completed
within one hour, or before 250 revolutions of the drum or blades,
whichever comes first, after the introduction of the cement to
the aggregates. Under conditions contributing to quick stiffening
of the concrete or when the temperature of the concrete is 30oC,
or above, a time less than one hour will be required.
Delivery of Mixed Concrete
The Contractor shall have sufficient plant

capacity and transportation apparatus to insure
continuous delivery at the rate required. The
rate of delivery of concrete during concreting
operations shall be such as to provide for the
proper handling, placing and finishing of the
concrete. The rate shall be such that the
interval between batches shall not exceed 20
minutes. The methods of delivering and
handling the concrete shall be such as will
facilitate placing of the minimum handling.
Method of Measurement
The quantity of structural concrete to be

paid for will be the final quantity placed and
accepted in the completed structure. No
deduction will be made for the volume
occupied by pipe less than 100mm (4 inches)
in diameter or by reinforcing steel, anchors,
conduits, weep holes or expansion joint
materials.
Basis of Payment
The accepted quantities, measured as prescribed in

Section 405.5, shall be paid for at the contract unit price for
each of the Pay Item listed below that is included in the Bill of
Quantities.
Payment shall constitute full compensation for furnishing,

placing and finishing concrete including all labor, equipment,
tools and incidentals necessary to complete the work
prescribed in the item.
Payment will be made under:

Pay Item Number Description Unit of Measurement
405 (1) Structural Concrete, Class A Cubic Meter
405 (2) Structural Concrete, Class B Cubic Meter
405 (3) Structural Concrete, Class C Cubic Meter
405 (4) Structural Concrete, Class P Cubic Meter
405 (5) Seal Concrete Cubic Meter
END

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R1GID SOLUTIONS

Review School for Civil

The volume of paste, including air voids, is

– hydraulic cement produced by

CLINKER + GYPSUM = PORTLAND

- a hydraulic cement consisting

NATURAL POZZOLAN ARTIFICIAL POZZOLAN

Portland Blast-Furnace Slag

For general concrete construction, Moderate Sulfate resistance or moderate

For general concrete construction, Low heat of hydration cement

For general concrete construction, High sulfate resistance cement

T–N One color band

• To achieve certain properties in concrete

• To ensure the quality of concrete during

• To overcome certain emergencies during

The principal factors that must be considered in

Additional samples may be taken for job

During the early stages of the work, more

- take samples of concrete at two or

• collect two or more portions at regularly

• do not obtain portions of the composite

The consistency of the mixture should be

Test results on concrete samples reflect

Slabs, beams, and

Pavements 75 (3) 50 (2)

• To prevent evaporation of water, cover

• Specimens shall be moist cured at 23

Test results on concrete samples

If the rupture occurs within the middle third of the

Sample I.D. Strength

Sample I.D. Strength

1. The moisture content of aggregate should be

The mixing time required should be based upon the ability of

• Concrete should be placed in horizontal layers

In placing slab concrete, it should be deposited

On a sloping surface, concrete should be placed

• The use of the weight system for

• re-tempering of concrete or mortar which has

• Immediately after finishing operations

Backfilling against concrete should

• forms for concrete shall remain in place

• In case portions of the concrete are spalled

• in case major honeycombs occurs on sides

• the concrete pavement will not be opened to

• if tests are not conducted prior to the

This Item shall consist of pavement of

It shall conform to the applicable requirements of Item

Different brands or the same brands from different mills

- shall consist of natural sand, stone screenings or

-fine aggregate from different sources of supply

-shall not contain more than three (3) mass

-use of beach sand will not be allowed without the

- If subjected to five (5) cycles of the sodium sulfate

- shall be free from injurious amounts of organic

- shall be well-graded from coarse to fine and shall

Sieve Designation Mass Percent Passing

9.5 mm (3/8 in) 100

- shall consist of crushed stone, gravel, blast furnace

- shall contain not more than one (1) mass percent of