Database Systems:

Design, Implementation, and

Management
Ninth Edition

Chapter 1
Database Systems
 Learning outcomes
2

In this chapter, you will learn:

 The difference between data and

information
 What a database is, the various types of

databases, and why they are valuable

assets for decision making
 The importance of database design

 How modern databases evolved from file

systems
Database Systems, 9th Edition
 Learning outcomes (cont’d.)
3

 About flaws in file system data

management
 The main components of the database
system
 The main functions of a database
management system (DBMS)

Database Systems, 9th Edition

 Introduction
4

 Good decisions require

good information
derived from raw
facts/data
 Data is managed most
efficiently when stored
in a database
 Databases evolved
from computer file
systems
 Understanding file
system characteristics
is important
Database Systems, 9th Edition
 Why Databases?
5

 Databases solve many of the problems

encountered in data management
 Used in almost all modern settings
involving data management:
 Business
 Research
 Administration

 Important to understand how

databases work and interact with
other applications
Database Systems, 9th Edition
 Data vs. Information
6

Database Systems, 9th Edition

 Data vs. Information
7

 Data are raw facts

 Information is the result of processing
raw data to reveal meaning
 Information requires context to reveal
meaning
 Raw data must be formatted for storage,
processing, and presentation
 Data are the foundation of information,
which is the bedrock of knowledge
Database Systems, 9th Edition
 Data vs. Information
8
(cont’d.)
 Data: building blocks of information
 Information produced by processing data
 Information used to reveal meaning in
data
 Accurate, relevant, timely information is
the key to good decision making
 Good decision making is the key to
organizational survival

Database Systems, 9th Edition

 Data vs. Information
9
(cont’d.)
 Example

the photograph is information. But, what you

look like is data
Source: http://www.infogineering.net/data-information-knowledge.htm

Database Systems, 9th Edition

 Introducing the Database
10

 Database: shared & integrated

computer structure that stores a
collection of:
 End-user data: raw facts of interest to
end user
 provided by a data warehouse or the data
created by end users for query
processing.
 Metadata: data about data
 Provides description of data characteristics and
relationships in data, OR
 Provides information about
Database Systems, a certain item's
9th Edition
content
 Introducing the Database
11

 More on Metadata
 an image may include
metadata that describes
how large the picture is, the
color depth, the image
resolution, when the image
was created, and other data
 A text document's
metadata may contain
information about how long
the document is, who the
author is, when the
document was written, and
a short summary of the
document

Database Systems, 9th Edition

 Introducing the Database
12

 More on Metadata
 Web pages often include metadata in the
form of meta tags. Description and
keywords meta tags are commonly used to
describe the Web page's content. Most
search engines use this data when adding
pages to their search index

Database Systems, 9th Edition

 Role and Advantages of the
13
DBMS
 Database management system (DBMS):
collection of programs
 Manages structure and controls access to
data
 DBMS is the intermediary between the user
and the database
 Database structure stored as file collection
 Can only access files through the DBMS
 DBMS enables data to be shared
 DBMS integrates many users’ views of the data

Database Systems, 9th Edition

14 Database Systems, 9th Edition
 Role and Advantages of the DBMS
(cont’d.)
15

 Advantages of a DBMS:
 Improved data sharing
 Improved data security
 Better data integration
 Minimized data inconsistency
 Improved data access
 Improved decision making
 Increased end-user productivity

Database Systems, 9th Edition

 Types of Databases
16

 Databases can be classified according

to:
DB classification

[1] Users [2] Location [3] Usage

Database Systems, 9th Edition

 Types of Databases
17

 [1] Users
 Single-user database supports only one
user at a time
 Desktop database: single-user; runs on PC
(locally)
 E.g. Auto Teller Machine (ATM)
 Multiuser database supports multiple
users at the same time
 Workgroup and enterprise databases
 E.g. i-Student Portal, any Web application

Database Systems, 9th Edition

 Types of Databases
18
(cont’d.)
 [2] Location
 Centralized database: data located at a single
site
 Distributed/Decentralized database: data
distributed across several different sites
 [3] Usage
 Operational database: supports a company’s
day-to-day operations
 Transactional or production database
 Data warehouse: stores data used for tactical
or strategic decisions
Database Systems, 9th Edition
 Types of Databases (cont'd.)
19

 Categories of data
Structured data
data that is identifiable because it is organized in a
structure
e.g. database
Semi-structured data
Has structure but not enough to qualify as structured
data (Loshin, 2005)
e.g. XML
Unstructured data
No identifiable structure/in original format
e.g. bitmap images/objects, text and other data types
that are not part of a database
Database Systems, 9th Edition
 Types of Databases (cont'd.)
20

 Unstructured data exist in their

original state
 Structured data result from formatting
 Structure applied based on type of
processing to be performed
 Semistructured data have been
processed to some extent
 Extensible Markup Language (XML)
represents data elements in textual
format
Database Systems, 9th Edition
 XML database supports semistructured
21 Database Systems, 9th Edition
 Why Database Design Is
22
Important
 Database design focuses on
design of database structure
used for end-user data (=
what?)
 Designer must identify database’s
expected use
 Well-designed database:
 Facilitates data management
 Generates accurate and valuable
information
 Poorly designed database:
 Causes difficult-to-trace errors
Database Systems, 9th Edition
 Evolution of File System Data Processing
23

 Reasons for studying file

systems/filesystems:
 Complexity of database design is easier
to understand
 Understanding file system problems helps
to avoid problems with DBMS systems
 Knowledge of file system is useful for
converting file system to database
system
 File systems typically composed of
collection of file folders, each tagged
and kept in cabinet
 Organized by expected use

Database Systems, 9th Edition

 Evolution of File System Data Processing
24

Manual
File
Comput
er File
Data
Systems Systems base

IBM
DB2/
MS EXCEL DBMS

Database Systems, 9th Edition

 Evolution of File System Data Processing
25

Physical

Conceptual/logical

Database Systems, 9th Edition

 Evolution of File System Data Processing
(cont'd.)
26

 Contents of each file folder are logically

related
 Manual systems (current file systems)
 Served as a data repository for small data
collections
 Cumbersome for large collections
 Computerized file systems
 Data processing (DP) specialist
(special position) converted computer
file structure from manual system
 Wrote software thatSystems,
Database managed9th Edition the data
 Evolution of File System Data Processing
(cont'd.)
27

 Initially, computer file systems

resembled manual systems
 As number of files increased, file
systems evolved
 Each file used its own application program
to store, retrieve, and modify data
 Each file was owned by individual or
department that commissioned its creation

Database Systems, 9th Edition

 Typical computer file systems

28 Database Systems, 9th Edition

29 Database Systems, 9th Edition
30 Database Systems, 9th Edition
  Another example:

File handling
Data entry routines
and reports
File defination
Sales files
Sales Sales
Salesapplication programs
application programs

File handling
Data entry routines
and reports
File defination
Contracts files Contracts
Sales application
Contracts programs
application
programs

31 Database Systems, 9th Edition

 Problems with File System Data
Processing
32

 File systems were an improvement

over manual system
 File systems used for more than two decades
 Understanding the shortcomings of file systems
aids in development of modern databases
 Many problems not unique to file systems
 Even simple file system retrieval task
required extensive programming
 Ad hoc queries impossible
 Changing existing structure difficult

Database Systems, 9th Edition

 Problems with File System Data
Processing (cont'd.)
33

 Security features difficult to program

 Often omitted in file system environments
 Summary of file system limitations:
 Requires extensive programming
 Cannot perform ad hoc queries
 System administration is complex and
difficult
 Difficult to make changes to existing
structures
 Security features are likely to be
inadequate Database Systems, 9th Edition
 Structural and Data
34
Dependence
 Structural dependence: access to a file is
dependent on its own structure
 All file system programs must be modified to
conform to a new file structure
 E.g. filesystems
 Structural independence: change file
structure without affecting data access
 Data dependence: data access changes when
data storage characteristics change
 Data independence: data storage
characteristics do not affect data access
Database Systems, 9th Edition
 Structural and Data Dependence (cont'd.)
35

 Practical significance of data

dependence is difference between
logical and physical format
 Logical data format: how human
views the data
 Physical data format: how computer
must work with data
 Each program must contain:
 Lines specifying opening of specific file
type
Database Systems, 9th Edition
 Record specification
 Data Redundancy
36

 File system structure makes it difficult to

combine data from multiple sources
 Vulnerable to security breaches
 Organizational structure promotes storage of
same data in different locations
 Islands of information
 Data stored in different locations is unlikely to
be updated consistently
 Data redundancy: same data stored
unnecessarily in different places/tables/entities

Database Systems, 9th Edition

 Data Redundancy (cont'd.)
37

 Data inconsistency: different and

conflicting versions of same data occur
at different places

Table: Customer

Table: Agent

Database Systems, 9th Edition

 Data Redundancy (cont'd.)
38

 Data anomalies: abnormalities when all

changes in redundant data are not made
correctly
 Update anomalies:
 E.g. what is client changes his phone number?
 Insertion anomalies:
 E.g. to add new property without adding its owner
 Deletion anomalies:
 E.g.
what if client’s record is to be removed from
the system?

Database Systems, 9th Edition

 Data Redundancy (cont'd.)
39

 Refer to Slide 37
 Update anomaly. If agent Vishal has a new phone
number, that number must be entered in each of the
CUSTOMER file records. In this case, only three changes
must be made. In a large file system, such changes
might occur in hundreds or even thousands of records.
 Insertion anomaly. If only the CUSTOMER file exists,
to add a new agent, you would also add a dummy
customer data entry to reflect the new agent’s addition.
 Deletion anomaly. If you delete the customers Amit,
Naresh and Bhavik, you will also delete Vishal’s agent
data. Clearly this is not desirable.

Database Systems, 9th Edition

 Lack of Design and Data-Modeling Skills
40

 Most users lack the skill to properly

design databases, despite multiple
personal productivity tools being
available
 Data-modeling skills are vital in the data
design process
 Good data modeling facilitates
communication between the designer,
user, and the developer

Database Systems, 9th Edition

 Database Systems
41

 Database system consists of logically

related data stored in a single logical
data repository
 May be physically distributed among
multiple storage facilities
 DBMS eliminates most of file system’s
problems
 Current generation stores data structures,
relationships between structures, and
access paths
 Also
defines, stores, and manages all access
Database Systems, 9th Edition
paths and components
42 Database Systems, 9th Edition
 The Database System
43
Environment
 Database system: an organization of
components that defines and regulates
the collection, storage, management,
use of data
data
hardware software procedure people

bridge
machine components human components

Database Systems, 9th Edition

44 Database Systems, 9th Edition
 The Database System Environment
(cont'd.)
45

 Hardware: all the system’s physical

devices
 PC, Workstation, Server, Mainframe,
Supercomputer
 Software: three types of software
required:
 Operating system software
 DBMS software: IBM DB2, Oracle, MySQL,
etc
 Application programs and utility software
Database Systems, 9th Edition
 The Database System Environment
(cont'd.)
46

 Data: the collection of facts stored in

the database
 People: all users of the database
system
 System and database administrators
 Database designers
 Systems analysts and programmers
 End users
 Procedures: instructions and rules that
govern the design and use of the
Database Systems, 9th Edition
database system
 The Database System Environment
(cont'd.)
47

 Database systems are created and

managed at different levels of
complexity
 Database solutions must be cost-
effective as well as tactically and
strategically effective
 Database technology already in use
affects selection of a database system

Database Systems, 9th Edition

 The Database System Environment
(cont'd.)
48

 File Systems  DBMS

Database System
File handling File details +
Data entry routines file definitions Data entry
and reports
and reports
File defination Sales application Sales
Sales files DBMS
Sales application
Sales Sales
application programs Sales programs
programs
application
Database
programs Data entry
and reports
File handling Contracts
Data entry routines Sales application
programs
and reports
File defination Contracts
application
Contracts files Contracts programs
SalesContracts
application programs
application
programs

Database Systems, 9th Edition

 The Database System Environment
(cont'd.)
49
 DBMS Functions
50

 Most functions are transparent to end users

 Can only be achieved through the DBMS
 [1] Data dictionary management
 DBMS stores definitions of data elements and
relationships (metadata) in a data dictionary
 DBMS looks up required data component
structures and relationships
 Changes automatically recorded in the dictionary
 DBMS provides data abstraction and removes
structural and data dependency

Database Systems, 9th Edition

51 Database Systems, 9th Edition
 DBMS Functions (cont'd.)
52

 [2] Data storage management

 DBMS creates and manages complex
structures required for data storage
 Also stores related data entry forms, screen
definitions, report definitions, etc.
 Performance tuning: activities that make
the database perform more efficiently
 DBMS stores the database in multiple
physical data files

Database Systems, 9th Edition

53 Database Systems, 9th Edition
 DBMS Functions (cont'd.)
54

 [3] Data transformation and

presentation
 DBMS transforms data entered to conform to
required data structures
 DBMS transforms physically retrieved data to
conform to user’s logical expectations
 [4] Security management
 DBMS creates a security system that enforces
user security and data privacy
 Security rules determine which users can access
the database, which items can be accessed, etc.
Database Systems, 9th Edition
 DBMS Functions (cont'd.)
55

 [5] Multiuser access control

 DBMS uses sophisticated algorithms to
ensure concurrent access does not affect
integrity
 [6] Backup and recovery
management
 DBMS provides backup and data recovery
to ensure data safety and integrity
 Recovery management deals with recovery
of database after a failure
 Critical to preserving database’s integrity
Database Systems, 9th Edition
 DBMS Functions (cont'd.)
56

 [7] Data integrity management

 DBMS promotes and enforces integrity rules
 Minimizesredundancy
 Maximizes consistency
 Data relationships stored in data dictionary
used to enforce data integrity
 Integrity is especially important in
transaction-oriented database systems

Database Systems, 9th Edition

 DBMS Functions (cont'd.)
57

 [8] Database access languages and

application programming interfaces
 DBMS provides access through a query
language
 Query language is a nonprocedural
language
 Structured Query Language (SQL) is
the de facto query language
 Standard supported by majority of DBMS
vendors

Database Systems, 9th Edition

 DBMS Functions (cont'd.)
58

 [9] Database communication

interfaces
 Current DBMSs accept end-user requests
via multiple different network environments
 Communications accomplished in several
ways:
 End users generate answers to queries by
filling in screen forms through Web browser
 DBMS automatically publishes predefined
reports on a Web site
 DBMS connects to third-party systems to
distribute information via
Database Systems, e-mail
9th Edition
 Managing the Database System:
A Shift in Focus
59

 Database system provides a framework

in which strict procedures and standards
enforced
 Role of human changes from
programming to managing organization’s
resources
 Database system enables more
sophisticated use of the data
 Data structures created within the
database and their relationships
determine effectiveness
Database Systems, 9th Edition
 Managing the Database System:
A Shift in Focus (cont'd.)
60

 Disadvantages of database systems:

 Increased costs: hardware, software
 Management complexity: data safety,
data security, manage resistance,
company’s goals, etc
 Maintaining currency: keep your system
up-to-date
 Vendor dependence
 Frequent upgrade/replacement cycles:
upgrading cost, training, compatibility
issues,
Database Systems, 9th Edition
 Summary
61

 Data are raw facts

 Information is the result of processing
data to reveal its meaning
 Accurate, relevant, and timely
information is the key to good decision
making
 Data are usually stored in a database
 DBMS implements a database and
manages its contents
Database Systems, 9th Edition
 Summary (cont'd.)
62

 Metadata is data about data

 Database design defines the database
structure
 Well-designed database facilitates data
management and generates valuable
information
 Poorly designed database leads to bad
decision making and organizational failure
 Databases evolved from manual and
computerized file systems
Database Systems, 9th Edition
 Summary (cont'd.)
63

 In a file system, data stored in

independent files
 Each requires its own management
program
 Some limitations of file system data
management:
 Requires extensive programming
 System administration is complex and
difficult
 Changing existing structures is difficult
 Security features
Databaseare likely
Systems, inadequate
9th Edition
 Summary (cont'd.)
64

 Database management systems were

developed to address file system’s
inherent weaknesses
 DBMS present database to end user as
single repository
 Promotes data sharing
 Eliminates islands of information
 DBMS enforces data integrity, eliminates
redundancy, and promotes security
Database Systems, 9th Edition