EET 05102 – Industrial Electronics

Objective:
To equip students with the Basic Knowledge on
Industrial electronics Circuits and components.

Prerequisites: EET 04205 – Electrical Engineering

Materials
Credits: 9
Semester I: 15 Weeks (November 2018 – Feb 2019)

Mode of Delivery:
3 hrs. lecture + 1 hr. tutorial per week (45 hours)

Mode of Assessment: Labs 20% + CA 20% + UE 60%

EET 05102 Lecture Notes Sem I 2018/19 - © 1
 EET 05102 – Industrial Electronics
Introduction: Definitions and types of
Semiconductors,, Potential Barrier and temperature
effects on barrier potential (Voltage), Concept of
Energy bands.
Semi Conductor Diodes: PN Junction diode,
Characteristics of a PN Junction, PN Junction Diode in
reverse and forward bias, V-I Characteristics in forward
& Reverse bias, V-I Characteristics of a Zener diode
and Applications. Photodiodes, LDR, Varactor Diode
and LED.
Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT): Concept of a
transistor, Types of BJT and their working in reverse
and forward bias,EET 05102
Constants of a transistor α, β,
Lecture Notes Sem I 2018/19
Analysis of a transistor amplifier & Load line,
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 EET 05102 – Industrial Electronics
Special Devices: Construction, operation, Equivalent
circuit and Characteristics of JFET, MOSFET, CMOS.

Text Books:
•R.D. Boylestad, (2001), “Electronics and Circuit
Theory”, Seventh Edition, Prentice Hall.
•James A. Rehg, Glenn J. Sartori, (2005), “Industrial
Electronics” Prentice Hall; US Edition

EET 05102 Lecture Notes Sem I 2018/19

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EET 05102 – Industrial Electronics
Consultation:
Mr. Geofrey Slaa
Contacts ; 0735 169 698
Electrical Engineering Department.
Office ; W12

EET 05102 Lecture Notes Sem I 2018/19 4

 Introduction.
Certain substances such as Germanium, Silicon,
Carbon etc, are neither good conductors like copper
nor bad conductors like glass. In other words their
resistivity is lies in between that of conductors and
insulators. Such Materials are known as
Semiconductors.
A Semiconductor - is a material that has a conductivity
level somewhere between the extremes of an insulator
and a conductor.

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 Properties of a Semiconductor
i. The resistivity of a semiconductor is less than that
of an insulator but more than that of a conductor.
ii. Semiconductors have a negative temperature
coefficient of resistance i.e. the resistance of a
semiconductor decreases with an increase in
temperature.
iii. When a suitable metallic impurity (e.g. Arsenic or
Gallium) is added to a Semiconductor material the
current carrying properties change appreciably.

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 Semiconductors Cont.…
You will probably recall that the resistance of most
conductors will increase with temperature. This is due
to the fact that the numbers of carriers in a conductor
will not increase significantly with temperature, but
their vibration pattern about a relatively fixed location
will make it increasingly difficult for electrons to pass
through. An increase in temperature therefore results
in an increased resistance level and a positive
temperature coefficient

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 Bonds in Semiconductors
In semiconductors, Bonds are formed by sharing of
valence electrons. Such bonds are called Covalent
Bonds. In the formation of Covalent bonds, each atom
contributes equal number of valence electrons, and
the contributed electrons are equally shared by the
atoms engaged in the formation of the bond.

For this reason, Valence electrons are associated with

particular atoms and are therefore not free.
A substance with atoms or molecules arranged in an
orderly pattern are forms a crystal.
Therefore all semiconductors have a crystalline
structure. EET 05102 Lecture Notes Sem I 2018/19
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 Energy Bands
There are many semiconductors available, but very
few of them have practical applications in electronics.
The two most frequently used materials are
Germanium (Ge) and Silicon (Si).
Qn. Why are Silicon and Germanium the most
frequently used?

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Energy Bands

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 Energy Bands Cont..
There are boundary levels and maximum energy
states in which any electron in the atomic lattice can
find itself, and there remains a forbidden region
between the valence band and the Conduction Band.
Ionization is the mechanism whereby an electron can
absorb sufficient energy to break away from the
atomic structure and enter the conduction band. You
will note that the energy associated with each electron
is measured in electron volts eV.

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 Types of Semiconductors
The characteristics of semiconductor materials can be
altered significantly by the addition of certain impurity
atoms into the relatively pure semiconductor
material. These impurities, although only added to
perhaps 1 part in 10 million, can alter the band
structure sufficiently to totally change the electrical
properties of the material.
The process of adding impurities to a relatively pure
semiconductor with the aim of improving its electrical
conductivity is known as Doping.
A semiconductor material that has been subjected to
the doping process is called an extrinsic material.
Whereas a semiconductor material in an extremely
pure form is know EET
as intrinsic material.
05102 Lecture Notes Sem I 2018/19
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 Extrinsic Semiconductor
The purpose of adding impurity is to increase the
number of free holes and electrons in the
semiconductor crystal.
As we shall see, If a pentavalent impurity is added to a
semiconductor, a large number of free electrons are
produced in the semiconductor.
On the other hand if a trivalent impurity is added to a
semiconductor a large number of free holes are
produced in the semiconductor. So depending upon
the impurity added, Extrinsic semiconductors are
classified into two groups namely:
i.N – Type extrinsic semiconductor
ii.P – Type extrinsicEETsemiconductor
05102 Lecture Notes Sem I 2018/19
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 N-Type Extrinsic Semiconductor
When a small amount of pentavalent impurity
(Antimony, Phosphorus, Arsenic) is added to a
relatively pure semiconductor, it is known as N – Type
semiconductor.

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 Extrinsic Semiconductor
Note that the four covalent bonds are still present.
There is, however, an additional fifth electron due to
the impurity atom, which is ‘unassociated’ with any
particular covalent bond. This remaining electron,
loosely bound to its parent (antimony) atom, is
relatively free to move within the newly formed n-type
material.
The P-Type material is formed by doping a pure
germanium or silicon crystal with impurity atoms
having three valence electrons (Trivalent). The
elements most frequently used for this purpose are
boron, gallium, and indium. The effect of one of these
elements, boron, on a base of silicon is indicated.
EET 05102 Lecture Notes Sem I 2018/19
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 P-Type Extrinsic Semiconductor
Note that that there is now an insufficient number of
electrons to complete the covalent bonds of the newly
formed lattice. The resulting vacancy is called a hole
and is represented by a small circle or positive sign
due to the absence of a negative charge.

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Majority and Minority Charge
Carriers

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Thank you!

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