FUNDAMENTALS OF CRIMINAL

INVESTIGATION
GONZALES, RODNEY P.
R. CRIMINOLOGIST
 INVESTIGATION

An inquiry, judicial or otherwise, for the discovery and

collection of facts concerning the matter or matters
involved.

It refers to the process of carrying out a detailed

examination or inquiry usually in official manner, to
discover something or somebody.
 Etymology of Investigation:

A. Vestigium (Latin) = “Footprint or track”

B. Investigare (Latin) = “To trace or to track”
C. Investigat (Latin) = “To inquire or to discover”
 WHAT IS CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION?

It is a logical process of collection and analysis of facts

about persons, things and places relative to a crime. It
includes:

A. Identification of the guilty party;

B. The location or whereabouts of the guilty party; and
C. Providing admissible evidence for his guilt.
 Criminal Investigation as an “ART”

“… it is not governed by rigid rules or fixed legal

procedures but most often based on intuition and
sometimes by chance.”
 Criminal Investigation as a “SCIENCE”

“…it involves the application of knowledge of forensic

sciences in the process of identifying, locating, collecting,
processing and/or evaluating physical evidences
(Manwong, 2004)
 Criminal Investigation as a “PROCESS”

“…it involves systematic process of identifying,

collecting, preserving, and evaluating data or raw facts
to produce valuable information for the purpose of
bringing a criminal offender to justice.”
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT IN
CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION
 JONATHAN WILD
1720s, England

 A buckle maker then a brothel operator;

 A master criminal who became London’s most
effective criminal investigator.
 The most famous THIEF-CATCHER
 “THIEF TO CATCH A THIEF”
 He conceived the idea of charging fee for locating and
returning stolen property to its rightful owners.
 HENRY FIELDING
1750s, England

 An Englishman who wrote a novel entitled “Tom

Jones” and was appointed as magistrate (sheriff) for
the areas of Westminster and Middle Age, London.
 He created the BOW STREET RUNNERS.
 He formed a group of police officers attached to the
Bow Street Court, and not in uniform, performing
criminal investigative functions.
 SIR JOHN FIELDING
1753, England

 The younger brother of Henry who took over the

control of Bow Street Court in 1753.
 His investigators were then called Bow Street Runners
and became quite effective because of his personal
guidance despite the fact that he was blind.
 Developed the practice of developing paid
informants, printing wanted notices, employing
criminal raids, and bearing firearms and handcuffs.
 PATRICK COLQUHOUN
1800, London

 A prominent London president who proposed the

unique idea of creating sizeable uniformed force to
police the city of London in order to remedy the
public outcry concerning the alarming increase of
criminality during the early 1800s.
 His proposal was considered too radical and was
dismissed by the Royal Court.
 EUGENE “FRANCOIS” VIDOCQ
1811, France

 He was a criminal who turned Paris Investigator.

 Founder of LA SURETE, France’s national detective
organization.
 He made the concept of “SET A THIEF TO CATCH A
THIEF.”
 He introduced the concept of “TRADE PROTECTION
SOCIETY”, which is a forerunner of our present-day
credit card system.
 SIR ROBERT PEEL
1829, London

 The founder and chief of the LONDON

METROPOLITAN POLICE – the SCOTLAND YARD.
 He reiterated the idea of creating sizeable police force
in his recommendations, which lead to the passage of
the Metropolitan Police Act.
 He introduced the techniques of detecting crimes
such as: detectives concealing themselves and
secretly photographing and recording conversations.
 CRIMINAL TYPES BY SIR ROBERT PEEL

1. MOBSMEN - “light-fingered gentry.”

2. TAIL-BUZZERS - “dive into coat pockets for snuffboxes

and pocket books.”

3. WIRES - “pick pockets”

4. SNOOZERS - ”sleep at railway holds and decamp with
some passenger's luggage in the morning.”

5. STAR GLAZERS - “cuts the panes out of shop

windows.”

6. DEAD LUKERS - “steal coats and umbrellas from

passengers at dusk or Sunday afternoons.”
 1835, USA

 The TEXAS RANGERS was organized as the first law

enforcement agency with statewide investigative
authority.
 The forerunner of the FBI (Head: John Edgar Hoover)
 DR. HANS GROSS

The earliest advocate of criminal investigation as a

science. (The Father of Criminalistics)
 CHARLES DICKENS
1852, USA

 Through his story entitled BLEAK HOUSE, he

introduced the term DETECTIVE to the English
Language.
 ALLAN PINKERTON
1852, USA

 America’s most famous private investigator and

founder of Criminal Investigation in USA.
 Established the Pinkerton Agency,
 Pioneered the methods of Shadowing and assuming
a role.
 The trademark of the agency was an open eye above
the slogan “We Never Sleep.”
 He was also assigned in protecting President Lincoln.
 KATE WARNE
1856, USA

 The first woman detective in the history of criminal

investigation, hired by the Pinkerton Agency.
 INSPECTOR THOMAS BYRNES
1866, USA

 A New York Chief of Detectives introduced the

MODUS OPERANDI FILE.
 THE JESSIE JAMES GANG
1866, Liberty, Missouri, USA

They made the first hold-up which marks the beginning

of the gang’s 15 year hold-up and robbery spree. (12
bank hold-ups and 12 train stage coach robberies in 11
states).

Clay County Savings Association was their first victim and

their take was $60,000.
 HOWARD VINCENT
1877, England

 Headed the newly organized CRIMINAL

INVESTIGATION DEPARTMENT in Scotland Yard.
 SIR ARTHUR CONAN DOYLE
1887

He is well known for creating the fictional detective,

Sherlock Holmes of Baker Street, London and his friend
Dr. Watson.
 Manila Police Department
1913, Philippines

 It is the genesis of Criminal Investigation.

 DUE PROCESS REVOLUTION

1. MIRANDA VS. ARIZONA

2. TERRY VS. OHIO
3. ELKINS VS. US
4. MAPP VS. OHIO
 MIRANDA VS. ARIZONA

The Supreme Court ruled that detained criminal

suspects, prior to police questioning, must be informed
of their constitutional right to an attorney and against
self-incrimination.

“MIRANDA RIGHTS”
 Article 3, Section 12(1), 1987 Philippine Constitution

“Any person under investigation for the commission of

an offense shall have the right to be informed of his right
to remain silent and to have a competent and
independent counsel preferably of his own choice. If the
person cannot afford the services of a counsel, he must
be provided with one. These rights cannot be waived
except in writing, signed and in the presence of a
counsel.”
 TERRY VS. OHIO

It was a decision by the US Supreme Court which held

that unreasonable search and seizure is not violated
when a police officer stops a suspect on the street and
frisks him or her without probable cause to arrest, if the
police officer has a reasonable suspicion that the person
has committed, is committing, or is about to commit a
crime and has a reasonable belief that the person "may
be armed and presently dangerous.

“STOP AND FRISK”

 ELKINS VS. US

Evidence of illegal wiretapping had been seized from the

home of James Butler Elkins by Portland, Oregon police
officers on an unrelated search warrant, and he was
subsequently convicted in federal court. Elkins appealed,
arguing that evidence found by the officers should have
been inadmissible under the exclusionary rule, which
forbids the introduction of most evidence gathered
through Fourth Amendment violations in criminal court.
 SILVER PLATTER DOCTRINE

Silver platter doctrine is the doctrine under which

evidence turned over to federal officials by state officials
would not be suppressed even though it was obtained by
means of an illegal search. However, this doctrine has
been repudiated by the Supreme Court. Articles
obtained as a result of an unreasonable search and
seizure by state officers may not be introduced into
evidence against a defendant over his/her timely
objection in a federal criminal trial, even though the
search was conducted without the involvement of
federal officers.
 MAPP VS. OHIO

The Supreme Court ruled that illegally obtained evidence

is not admissible in State courts. ... This rule holds that if
police violate your constitutional rights in order to obtain
evidence, they cannot use that evidence against you.

“THE FRUIT OF THE POISONOUS TREE”

“EXCLUSIONARY RULE”
THE CRIMINAL INVESTIGATOR
 Criminal Investigator

The SUPERSTAR in the process of investigation. He must

be capable of observation and a rational thinker. Many
times, a police investigator is being tested with his
discretion (the wise use of one’s judgment).
 Qualities of a Criminal Investigator

PERSEVERANCE

It the steadfastness, persistence and resolution to bring

the desired conclusion in spite of obstacles connected
with criminal investigation.
 ENDURANCE

The ability to last physically and mentally, hence, he

must have the extraordinary physical and mental energy,
enduring sleepless nights and tiresome days.

INCORRUPTIBLE, HONESTY, & INTEGRITY

In the practice of his art, there is the ever temptations of

money, women and drinks where these are present in
every corner playing tricks and temptations.
 THE INTELLIGENCE AND WISDOM OF SOLOMON

This is very important in order that the investigator could

easily decipher falsehood from truth and separate the
gain from the chaff.

MASTERY OF THE ORAL AND WRITTEN

COMMUNICATION

In order that he will not suffer setback in getting the

accurate facts especially in the preparation of reports
and/or transmittal of information.
THE KEEN POWER OF OBSERVATION AND DESCRIPTION

WORKING KNOWLEDGE OF THE LAW

CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION
 The Four Phases of Criminal Investigation

1. The identification of the suspect;

2. The suspect is traced, located, and arrested
3. The facts or evidence to prove the guilt of the accued
are gathered.
4. Pieces of evidence are presented in court
 Components of Criminal Investigation

1. PATTERN = refers to a series of similarities that may

link particular cases or indicate that the same person
is committing a series of crimes
2. LEADS = these are clues or pieces of information that
aid in the progress of an investigation.
3. TIPS = refer to the “information” provided by the
citizens that aid in the progress of an investigation
4. THEORIES = beliefs based on the evidence, patterns,
leads, tips and other information.
 Trichotomy of Criminal Investigation

1. TRAINING
2. TOOLS
3. TECHNIQUE
 Categories of Criminal Investigation
By John Dempsey

1. Reactive Investigation
It is initiated on the basis of a complaint filed by the
victim or any concerned citizen.
 Categories of Reactive Investigation

A. Walk-through
A type of investigation on a case wherein the suspect
is easily determined and located and the detective must
only observe the legal guidelines to reach a solution.

B. Where-are-they
The appropriate type of investigation to use in the
case wherein the suspect has been tentatively identified
but has not been located.
C. Whodunit
A case in which no suspects are initially unidentified.
Majority crimes reported to the police under this
category are rarely solved.
2. Proactive Investigation
A kind of investigation conducted by the police based
on their own initiative. These are designed to catch a
criminal in the act of committing a crime, rather than
waiting until a crime is reported by a concerned citizen.
 Kinds of Proactive Investigation

A. Decoy Operations
They are of blending and decoy types.
In blending type, officers dressed in civilian clothes try
to blend into an area to catch criminals in flagrante
delicto.

B. Undercover Operations
• Buy-bust Operation.
• Entrapment
BASIC STEPS IN CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION

R-C-P-E-P
The 6 Cardinal Points of Investigation

5 W’s & 1 H
 The Golden Rule in Criminal Investigation

“DO NOT TOUCH, ALTER, MOVE OR TRANSFER ANY

OBJECT AT THE CRIME SCENE UNLESS IT IS PROPERLY
MARKED,MEASURED, SKETCHED, AND/OR
PHOTOGRAPHED.”
THE TOOLS OR 4 I’S OF CRIMINAL
INVESTIGATION
 I. INFORMATION

It is the knowledge or facts which the investigator had

gathered or acquired from persons or documents, which
are pertinent or relevant concerning the commission of
the crime or criminal activities.
 Classification of Information as to its Sources

1. Regular Source
Records, files from the government or non-
government agencies, news items. The bulk of
application of this nature is news items.

2. Cultivated Sources
Information furnished by informants or informers

3. Grapevines Sources
“…disclosed by the underworld characters.”
 METHODS USED IN ACQUIRING INFORMATION

1. ELICITATION
It is a system or plan whereby information of
intelligence value is obtained through the process of
DIRECT COMMUNICATION where one or more of the
parties to the communication is/are unaware of the
specific purpose of the conversation.
2. CASING
It literally means putting a thing or place in a case.
As used in intelligence operation, it the continuous
monitoring of a place or area at a given period of time.

Types:
1. Interior
2. Exterior
3. SURVEILLANCE
It is a form of clandestine investigation which consist
of keeping persons, place or other targets under physical
observation in order to obtain evidence or information
pertinent to the investigation.

4. OBSERVATION AND DESCRIPTION

Observation is the complete and accurate awareness
by an individual of his surroundings.

Description is the factual reporting of what is

observed.
 Psychologists estimate that approximately:

1. 85% of your knowledge is gathered through _______

2. 13% through _________; and
3. 2% through __________.
 CLASSICAL SYSTEMS OF GATHERING INFORMATION

1. FRENCH SYSTEM
“… relies heavily in buying information.”

2. ENGLISH SYSTEM
“…relies more on the information provided voluntarily
or willingly.”
 INFORMANT AND INFORMER

INFORMANT
Any person who voluntarily or willingly provides
information to the police authorities.

INFORMER
Any person recruited or paid asset of police
authorities.
 The Types of Informants

1. Anonymous Informant
Rule: Never tell the informant that the investigator
already knows the information.

2. Rival-Elimination Informant

3. False Informant
Usually reveals information of no consequence, value
or stuff connected with thin air.
4. Frightened Informant
Prodded by fear or self-interest in giving information to
the police.

5. Self-aggrandizing Informant
He moves around the centers of criminals, group or
syndicate and delights in surprising the police about bits
of information.

6. Confidential Informant
Provides the police with confidential information
concerning a past crime of a projected and planned crime.
7. Mercenary Informant
A person who has information for sale.

8. Double-crosser Informant
Uses his seeming desire to divulge information as an
excuse to talk to the police in order to get more information
from them more than he gives.

9. Women Informant
Female associates of the criminals, who was roughed up,
marginalized in the deal or being eased out from the group.
10. Legitimate Informant
Operators of licensed premises who does not want
criminals hanging out in their place of business.

11. Incidental or Automatic Informants

Bystanders or passer by.
 MOTIVES OF INFORMANTS AND INFORMERS

A. Vanity
B. Patriotism or civic-mindedness
C. Repentance
D. Fear
E. Avoidance of Punishment
F. Showing gratitude for gaining something
G. Competition
H. Revenge
I. Jealousy
J. Remuneration
 II. INTERVIEW

It is the simple and friendly questioning of a person who

cooperates with the investigator. In account of the
interview, the witness voluntarily give their accounts
about the commission of a crime.
 The Golden Rule in the Conduct of an Interview

“NEVER CONDUCT OR LET ANYONE CONDUCT AN

INTERVIEW IF THE INTERVIEWER HAS NOT GONE TO
THE CRIME SCENE.”
 The Interview Format (IRONIC)

1. Identity
2. Rapport
3. Opening Statement
4. Narration
5. Inquiry
6. Conclusion
 Rules in Questioning

1. Ask questions one at a time

2. Avoid implied answers
3. Questions should be clearly stated
4. Saving Faces
5. Yes and No answers are not allowed.
 III. INTERROGATION

It is the vigorous or aggressive questioning of a person

suspected of having committed an offense or of a person
who is reluctant or unwilling to make a full disclosure of
information in his possession.

The purpose of which is to obtain confession or

admission from the suspect and to learn relevant
information from uncooperative witnesses.
 The Techniques of Interrogation

1. Emotional Appeal
A technique where the investigator, combining his
skills of an actor and a psychologist, addresses the
suspect with an emotional appeal to confess.

2. Sympathetic Approach
The investigator, must dig deep into the past troubles,
plight and unfortunate events in the life of the suspect.
3. Friendliness
A friendly approach coupled with posture of sincerity
may induce the suspect to confess.

4. Tricks and Bluff Techniques

a. The Pretense of Solid Evidence Against the Suspect

b. The Weakest Link
c. Drama/ Feigning Contact with Family Members
d. THE POLICE LINE UP
The complainant, witness or victim is requested to
point positively the suspect who is among persons in the
police line-up.

THE REVERSE LINE UP

The suspect is placed among other persons in a line
up and he is identified by several complainants and
witnesses who will associate the suspect in other several
crimes.
5. The Stern Approach
The investigator displays a stern (demands immediate
response) personality towards the suspect by using the
following methods:

a. Jolting – is the questioning technique where the

investigator selects the right moment to shout to the
subject with a pertinent question in an apparent
righteous outrage.

b. Opportunity to Lie – the suspect is given all the

opportunities to lie.
6. The Mutt and Jeff or Sweet and Sour Method
(Opposite Personality)

7. Removing the Ethnic or Cultural Barrier

8. Searching for the Soft Spot

In every man’s heart, there is always that softest part.

9. Question Barrage

10. Silent Technique

 Defense Mechanisms as Techniques of Interrogation

1. Rationalization
It is the use of reasons, which is acceptable to the
subject that led to the commission of the crime

2. Projection
It is the process of putting the blame to other persons,
not alone to the suspect.

3. Minimization
It is the act of minimizing the culpability of the suspect,
 IV. INSTRUMENTATION

It is sometimes called Criminalistics. It is the process of

applying instruments or tools of the police sciences in
criminal investigation and detection.
 CRIMINALISTICS OR FORENSIC SCIENCE

It is the subfield of Criminology that deals with the study

of “criminal things”- those that are left behind by the
criminal in the scene of the crime which have
significance in criminal investigation.

HANS GROSS
 MODERN DISCOVERIES OF INSTRUMENTATION

1. DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)/ CODIS

Sir Alec Jeffreys (Father of DNA)

2. AFIS

3. IBIS

4. GPS (Global Positioning System)

IDENTIFICATION OF CRIMINALS
 KINDS OF SUSPECT IDENTIFICATION

1. Positive Identification
Uses information that identifies an individual beyond
question and is legally acceptable as pertaining to and
originating from a particular individual.

2. Negative Identification
Uses all other information that maybe indicative of
the personal identity of an individual such as description
of witness, personal belongings present at the scene.
 IDENTIFICATION OF CRIMINAL BY CONFESSION AND
ADMISSION

1. Confession
The declaration of an accused expressly
acknowledging his guilt of the offense charged.

2. Admission
An acknowledgement of a fact or circumstance from
which guilt may be inferred.
It implicates but does not directly incriminate.
 IDENTIFICATION OF CRIMINALS BY EYEWITNESS
TESTIMONY

1. Cartography or Sketching (Artist’s Sketch)

 Methods of Sketching
1. On the Spot
2. Memory Method
3. Semi-memory Method
2. Portrait Parle (Verbal Description Method)
It is a means of using descriptive terms in relation to
the personal features of individual and it can briefly
describe as a word description or “spoken pictures.”

3. Rogues Gallery (Use of Photographic Files)

4. General Photograph Method

It includes the showing variety of facial types that may
not be necessarily or directly represent the face of the
criminal.
5. Police Line-up (Show-ups)
CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION
 CRIME SCENE

A place or location where the crime was alleged to have

been committed or it pertains to the specific location of
the commission of the crime.

Both the first officer and the investigators should

consider the scene itself as evidence.
 CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION

It is the conduct of processes, more particularly the

recognition, search, collection, handling, preservation
and documentation of physical evidence at the crimes
scene.

It covers the process of identifying and interviewing

witnesses and/or victims at the crime scene, including
on the spot arrest of suspects.
 OBJECTIVES OF CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION

To help establish what happened through crime

reconstruction and to identify the responsible person.
 THE BASIC NATURE OF CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION

CSI is a difficult and time-consuming job. There is no

substitute for this careful and thoughtful approach.
Before, one or two investigators usually perform CSI but
today, this task is given to a special team of investigators
particularly in cases of serious and premeditated crimes.

In the Philippine setting, CSI is better known as SOCO,

IF investigation is done by a group of trained PNP
Personnel called SOCO Team.
 THE CSI TEAM

1. The SOCO Team Leader

2. Specialist or Technicians
(Chemist, Fingerprint Technician, Forensic
Photographer, Medico-legal Officer, Firearms Examiner,
Measurer/ Sketcher)

3. Driver/Evidence Custodian
 PROTOCOLS OF POLICE INVESTIGATION

For the first officers who responds to a criminal incident,

the acronyms PRELIMINARY and ADAPT provide basic
guides in dealing with the crime scene.
 PRELIMINARY
 Proceed to the crime scene promptly and safely
 Render assistance to injured persons
 Effect arrest of the criminal
 Locate and identify witnesses
 Interview complainant and witnesses
 Maintain integrity of the crime scene and protect
evidence
 Interrogate the suspect as necessary
 Note conditions, events and remarks
 Arrange for evidence collection or collect it yourself
 Report the entire incident fully and accurately
 Yield responsibility to follow-up investigator or
superior officer
 ADAPT

 Assess the crime scene

 Detain witnesses
 Arrest suspects
 Protect the crime scene
 Take down notes
 PROTOCOL 1
JURISDICTIONAL INVESTIGATION BY THE TERRITORIAL
UNIT CONCERNED

The Police Station, which has territorial jurisdiction of

the area where the crime incident was committed, shall
immediately undertake the necessary investigation and
processing of the crime scene
 PROTOCOL 2
OFFICE POLICE BLOTTER

A Police Blotter is an 18” x 12” logbook with hard-bound

cover that contains the daily register of all crime incident
reports, official summary of arrests, and other significant
events reported in a police station
 PROTOCOL 3
INVESTIGATING TEAM

All investigators in any police unit must be a graduate of

prescribed investigation course with a rank of at least
PO2 (Police Corporal)
Composition:
1. Team Leader;
2. Investigator/recorder;
3. Photographer;
4. Evidence custodian; and
5. Composite Illustrator/Artist
 PROTOCOL 4
DUTIES OF THE FIRST RESPONDER

a. Proceed to the crime scene to validate the

information received;
b. Record the exact time of arrival and all pertinent data
c. Cordon off the area and secure the crime scene
d. Check whether the situation still poses imminent
danger and call for back up if necessary;
e. Identify possible witnesses and conduct preliminary
interview

f. Arrest the suspect/s if around or in instances wherein

the suspect/s is fleeing, make appropriate notification
for dragnet operations;

g. Prepare to take the “Dying Declaration” of severely

injured persons:
a) Ano ang pangalan at address mo?
b) Kilala mo ba ang gumawa nito sa iyo?
c) Sa pakiramdam mo ba ay ikamamatay mo ang
tinamo mong sugat?
h. Evacuate the wounded to the nearest hospital using
emergency services;
i. Account for the killed, wounded and arrested persons
for proper disposition;
j. Conduct initial investigation; and
k. Brief the investigator-on-case upon arrival and turn
over the crime scene.
l. Conduct inventory on the evidence taken at the crime
scene; Inventory receipt should be properly signed by
the first responder, SOCO and the investigator.
 PROTOCOL 5
DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE INVESTIGATING
TEAM
a. Take full control of the crime scene
b. Establish a command post in the immediate vicinity of
the crime scene;
c. Designate a holding area in the immediate vicinity of
the crime scene (for the media, VIP‟s and other
personalities present);
d. Conduct case conference with the first responder,
SOCO, other law enforcers and rescue personnel;
e. Note any secondary crime scene (if situation
requires); and

f. Release the crime scene after investigation.

 PROTOCOL 6
INVESTIGATION OF SUSPECTS

A. Procedures when arrest is made

1. Secure the person arrested (handcuff at the back);
2. Inform the arrested person on the cause of his arrest
and his rights as provided for in the Constitution;
3. Conduct thorough search for weapons and other
illegal materials against the suspect/s;
4. Use reasonable force in making arrest;
5. Confiscated evidence shall be properly documented
and marked;
6. Bring the arrested person to the Police Station for
investigation.
B. Booking procedures of the Arrested Person/Suspect
1. The arrested suspect shall be fingerprinted,
photographed and subjected to medical examination
to include liquor and drug tests.

2. Conduct record check.

 PROTOCOL 7
TAKING SWORN STATEMENTS OF SUSPECTS

The execution of a suspect’s “WAIVER” as stipulated in

Art 125 of the RPC shall always be done in the presence
of his chosen counsel or any independent counsel.
 PROTOCOL 8
TAKING SWORN STATEMENT/S OF THE WITNESSES

a. Sworn Statement or Affidavit of complainant/s and

witness/es must be taken immediately by the
investigator-on-case.
b. Affidavit of Arrest of arresting officers must be taken
immediately not later than 24 hours.
c. In Inquest cases, the investigator-on-case and the
arresting officer/s shall observe Art. 125 of the RPC.
 PROTOCOL 9
PREPARATION OF REPORTS AND FILING OF CHARGES.

The investigator-on-case shall submit:

a. Spot Report within 24 hours to HQ;

b. Progress Report;
c. After Operation Report;
d. Final Report after the case is filed before the
prosecutor's office/court; and
e. Accomplishment Report.
 PROTOCOL 10
PROCEDURE IN THE RELEASE OF CRIME SCENE

a. Ensure that appropriate inventory has been made;

b. Release is accomplished only after completion of the
final survey and proper documentation of evidence,
witness/es, victim/s and suspect/s; and
c. If the crime scene is within a private property, the
same must be released to the lawful owner
witnessed by any barangay official. In case of
government facility, it should be released to the
administrator.
 PROTOCOL 11
FOLLOW-UP OF CASE

The investigator shall conduct police operation to

identify and apprehend suspect/s based on the results of
the initial investigation conducted.
 PROTOCOL 12
PREPARATION OF CASE INVESTIGATION PLAN (CIPLAN)

The conduct of police operation involving sensational

cases, high profile and heinous crimes must be covered
by Case Investigation Plan.
 PROTOCOL 13
ATTENDANCE TO COURT DUTIES

The investigator-on-case and arresting officers shall

endeavor to ensure their attendance during court
hearings while COPs/Heads of Units shall supervise and
ensure the attendance of witness/es
 PROTOCOL 14
UNIFORM OF THE INVESTIGATOR

Prescribed uniform should be worn by investigators

when conducting investigation so as to identify them as
PNP personnel.
CRIME SCENE SEARCH
 SEARCH PATTERNS

LINK METHOD

It is the most common and popular way of searching a

crime scene, and it is a very productive approach -seeks
to link the victim, physical evidence, and the scene, to
the suspect
 STRIP OR LINE SEARCH

It is typically used in outdoor scenes to cover large areas

in which detailed examination is necessary.
 GRID OR DOUBLE STRIP SEARCH

It is a combination of the strip search and is useful for

large crime scenes, particularly outdoor scenes.

It is very time consuming, but causes a very methodical

and thorough examination of the area.
 QUADRANT/ ZONE/ SECTOR SEARCH

It is used when the search area is particularly large and

cumbersome.

It requires the crime scene to be divided into four large

quadrants (the four large quadrants can also be sub-
divided into four smaller quadrants).

Each quadrant or sector is then searched separately as

an individual unit, using the spiral, strip and/or grid
search pattern.
 WHEEL / PIE SEARCH

It is based on the establishment of a circle surrounding

the crime scene. The circle is then divided into six
quadrants in a pie-like fashion.
 SPIRAL SEARCH

The searching officer starting at the focal point of the

crime scene or the center of the area, working outward
by circling in a clockwise or counter-clockwise direction
to the outside edges of the crime scene.

It is a good pattern for a confined area.

It works well in a small room.

CRIME SCENE DOCUMENTATION
 PHOTOGRAPHING THE CRIME SCENE

General Methods of Photography

1. Overlapping Method
A photographic method of taking series of
photographs in a circular or clockwise direction,
overlapping each other slightly to show the entire crime
scene. (Applicable if a single photograph cannot show
the entire crime scene).
2. Progressive Method
A photographic method of taking crime scene
photographs starting from fixed point, photographing
each evidence as the photographer moves toward it and
progressively closer (From general to specific)
PROCEDURES FOR PHOTOGRAPHING THE CRIME SCENE

1. GENERAL VIEW OR LONG RANGE VIEW

Overall view of the crime scene to include the
reference point.

2. MEDIUM VIEW OR MID RANGE VIEW

Showing 4 angles of the CS including the possible
ingress and egress of the suspect.

3. CLOSE-UP SHOT
To identify the subject
4. EXTREME CLOSE-UP SHOT
To show the extent of damage on the subject
 GUIDELINES IN PHOTOGRAPHING THE CRIME SCENE

1. Begin taking photographs as soon as possible.

2. The evidence collectors must not touch or move any
evidence once it is located until it has been identified,
measured, recorded and photographed.
3. Document the photographic effort with a
photographic log.
4. The SLR camera is the best tool in documenting
physical evidence and location; the Video-cam is the
best tool in recording the activities of each team
member.
5. Insure that a series of over-all, medium, and close-up
views of the scene is established
6. Use recognized scale device for size determination
when applicable
7. When a scale device is used, first take a photograph
without the inclusion of this device.
8. Photograph evidence in place before its collection
and packaging
9. Photograph areas adjacent to the CS – point of entry,
exits, windows, attic etc. Consider feasibility of aerial
photography
10. Photograph items, places, etc. to corroborate the
statements of witnesses, victims, and suspects.
11. Take photographs from eye-level to represent scene
as it would be observed by normal view
12. Film is relatively cheap compared to the rewards
obtained. Do not hesitate to photograph something
which has no apparent significance at that time-it
may later prove to be a key element in the
investigation
13. Prior lifting fingerprints, photographs should be
taken 1:1 or use appropriate scale
14. Photographs must be supplemented by sketches.
CRIME SCENE SKETCH
 SKETCH

It is the graphic representation of the scene of the crime

with complete measurements of the relative distances of
items or objects.
 SKETCHING

It refers to the process of recording of information with

respect to its location, position, measurement,
orientation and details of finding in a sketch pad through
symbols, arts and figures.
 TAKE NOTE!!!

To establish admissibility, the investigator must have

personal observation of the data in question. In other
words, the sketch must be SPONSORED or VERIFIED.

Sketches are not substitute for notes or photographs;

they are but supplement to them.
 THE GENERAL KINDS OF SKETCH

1. Rough Sketch
It is the sketch made by the sketcher at the crime
scene which is full of important details but without scale
of proportion. This is used as basis for the finished
sketch.

2. Finished Sketch
It is the sketch with a scale of proportion which can be
used for court presentation.
 THE SPECIFIC KINDS OF SKETCH

1. Sketch of Locality
It deals with the vicinity of the crime scene in relation
to the environs, to include neighboring buildings,
structures, or means of access leading to the scene.

2. Sketch of Grounds
It illustrates the crime scene with the nearest physical
surroundings, such as the room adjacent or opposite the
room of the crime scene, the number of floors of a
building or house, the yard and other natural structures.
3. Sketch of Details
It includes the positions and exact locations of the
physical evidence in the crime scene.
 SKETCHING METHODS

1. RECTANGULAR COORDINATE METHOD

- employs the measuring of an object from two fixed
points.

2. TRIANGULATION METHOD
-it is the bird's eye view of the scene, utilizing fixed
objects from which to measure.
3. CROSS PROJECTION METHOD or EXPLODED
- it is used indoor crime scenes; it is the top-down
view of the crime scene where the walls of the room
have been folded.

4. STRAIGHT -LINE METHOD

- it is used generally to show the location of items
against the wall, such as a piece of furniture.
5. COMPASS METHOD
- choose a corner of the scene as a basis for the
compass point direction.

6. BASELINE METHOD
- an imaginary line parallel to the length or diagonally
drawn in the middle of the scene shall be the bases of
locating and measurements of the objects.
CRIME SCENE RECONSTRUCTION
 CRIME SCENE RECONSTRUCTION

It is the process of recreating or re-enacting how a crime

occurred basing on a rational theory. It is necessary in
establishing the modus operandi of the criminal.

It involves the use of scientific methods, physical

evidence, deductive reasoning and their
interrelationships to gain explicit knowledge of the series
of events that surround the commission of a crime.
 CRIMINAL PROFILING

It is the application of psychological theory to the

analysis and reconstruction of the forensic evidence that
relates to an offender’s crime scenes, victims and
behaviors.
 APPROACHES IN CRIME SCENE RECONSTRUCTION

1. Deductive Approach
It entails immediate assumption of a theory then later
supports it by collecting corroborative information.

2. Inductive Approach
It requires the collection of information first. Analysis
and evaluation of information follows to develop a
theory.
 KINDS OF CRIME SCENE RECONSTRUCTION

1. Physical Scene Reconstruction

It is based on the description of the witnesses and the
indication of the pieces of physical evidence recovered
or observed.

2. Mental Scene Reconstruction

From physical reconstruction, some conclusions can
be made concerning the consistency of the accounts of
various witnesses. Assumptions should be supported by
physical evidence.
MAINTAINING THE INTEGRITY OF EVIDENCE
 PHYSICAL EVIDENCE

It is any solid, semi-solid, or liquid materials that may aid

in determining the truth during the investigation.

It consists of tangible objects, such as biological material,

fibers and latent fingerprints.

It is any object that can connect a victim or suspect to a

crime scene.
 Kinds of Physical Evidence

1. Corpus Delicti
2. Associative Evidence
3. Tracing Evidence
 Sources of Physical Evidence

1. The crime scene

2. Victim, if any; and
3. Suspect and his environment
 THE CHAIN OF CUSTODY

It is the total accounting of evidence.

It begins when the item is collected and is maintained

until it is disposed of.
 Processing Evidence

Collection of Physical Evidence

a. The most ideal way of evidence collection is for the
investigator to go to the crimes scene and gather
physical evidence.
b. As soon as the investigator arrives, take photographs
of everything before disturbing.
c. Collect all physical evidence; however must observe:
1. Proper Evidence Identification
2. Chain of Custody
3. Competency of Evidence
 Marking Evidence

It occurs during the searching phase as each item of

evidence is located, documented and collected.

Sufficient size: Case number, date, time, and initials of

the marker.

Too small: Placed in a container and the exterior surface

of the container marked.
 Packaging Evidence

Rules to be followed:
1. Evidence to analyzed should be packaged in separate
containers
2. Clean packaging materials should be used
3. A strong sealing material should be used to enclose
the package
4. Clothe items should not be folded unnecessarily.
5. If evidence is found at the crime scene within a
container, it should be left in the original container to
be transported.
6. A letter of transmittal stating what type of analysis is
needed must be included.
7. The evidence should always be sent registered mail,
with a receipt secured.
 PHYSICAL EVIDENCE DESIRED CONTAINER
1. PAPER ENVELOPE

2. GLASS PEG (FOAM)

3. FIREARM BOX OR BOARD OF EXACT SIZE

4. HAIR WRAP IT FIRST WITH FILTER

PAPER BEFORE PLACING IT IN
AN ENVELOPE

5. DIRT WRAP IT FIRST WITH FILTER

PAPER BEFORE PLACING IT IN
AN ENVELOPE
6. CLOTH BOX – Do not fold the area
where there is stain. Encircle
the location of the stain using a
chalk for easy identification.
7. SEMINAL STAIN If moist, drop DISTILLED WATER
using a dropper and use the
same to collect it, then place it
in a test tube.

8. BLOOD Use a sterilized eye dropper to

collect the blood and place it in
a test tube and add saline
solution. Use saline solution to
prevent coagulation.
 TRANSMITTAL OF EVIDENCE TO THE CRIME
LABORATORY

PRINCIPLES TO BE OBSERVED

1. The evidence must be in the same condition as when

it was found
2. The quantity of the specimen should be adequate
3. Submit a known or standard for comparison purposes
4. One specimen: one container.
5. Mark or label each piece of evidence
6. The chain of custody must be maintained.
 SPECIAL CRIME INVESTIGATION

It is a special study of modern techniques in the

investigation of serious and specific crimes including
murder, homicide, rape, abortion, robbery, arson,
kidnapping, blackmail, carnapping, and criminal
negligence. The emphasis is on physical evidence rather
than an extra judicial confession. It focuses on specific
crimes which by their nature are difficult and complex to
investigate.
RECOMMENDED METHOD OF HANDLING
SPECIFIC OF EVIDENCE
 A. FIREARMS

1. Disarm at first opportunity taking precaution not to

destroy evidentiary value
2. Examine first for fingerprints
3. Use String inserted in the trigger guard or handle on
rough surfaces such as hand grips
4. Wrap muzzle with clean cellophane bag
5. Pack in boxes with wads of paper to prevent jarring.
 B. Blood and other Body Fluids

1. Collect articles with stain, cut off portion on large

articles if possible
2. Dry by natural process
3. Wrap individually by clean wrapping paper and place
in a box
4. Scrape gently with clean sharp instrument when dried
blood stain appears on a fixed object onto a piece of
clean paper, transfer to clean container or fold paper
over it like a druggist
5. Blood samples should be taken by dropper (5cc)
6. Never use preservative if delay in transmittal is
anticipated; Refrigerate but do not freeze.
7. In drowning cases, ask for blood from left and right
side of the heart.
CRIMES OF VIOLENCE IN GENERAL
 THE FIRST RESPONDER

The four main tasks of the first officer on the scene are:
1. To give first aid/ To save lives
2. To apprehend the suspected offender;
3. To protect and if necessary collect and preserve
evidence; and
4. To cordon off and protect the area
 The initial phase or the first 72 hours (“Golden Hour”)
of a major case such as murder or kidnapping/abduction
investigation (crimes of violence investigation) is crucial.
 The Investigator-on-case shall immediately request for:

• Technical assistance of the SOCO Team

• From the local PNP Crime Laboratory
• Office thru the City/Provincial Office Tactical
Operation Center (TOC).
 TAKE NOTE

The investigator-on-case must, however, remain at

all times responsible for and in-charge of the crime
scene and shall always be present during the whole
SOCO operations to provide the necessary support as
well as oversee the processing.
 PROCEDURE
a. Find out as much as possible about the crime before going
to the scene, and upon arrival, get all available information
from the first officer on the scene and other police officers
who are there.

b. Overview. Get your bearings at the crime scene to get a

rough picture of the area and what happened.

c. Start keeping an action log.

d. Cordon off the area or extend the existing cordon if

necessary. The perpetrator's route to and from the scene
may need to be cordoned off as well.
e. Make sure that the responsible police officer posts
the necessary guards for the cordoned off area.

f. Make sure that a list is made of the people who enter

the crime scene.

g. If shots have been fired, find out whether gunpowder

residue/primer particles have been collected from
the hands of persons involved. If not, request PNP
crime Laboratory to do so at once.
h. Take a general photograph of the crime scene. Film the
scene with a video camera.

i. Pause and take stock of the situation then start planning.

This is where the crime scene analysis starts.

j. Note down your observations continuously. It is a good idea

to use a tape recorder.

k. Decide whether you need help from an expert such as a

forensic pathologist, biologist etc.

l. Take photographs continuously. Photograph all the

evidences before they are collected.
m. Search for and collect evidence, objects and
reference samples etc. that are relevant to the crime
investigation. Examine victims and suspects too. Pay
attention to the risk of contamination.

n. Consider conducting a detailed and extended search

outside of the crime scene.

o. Write a (continuous) seizure report.

p. Check the crime scene before the cordon is lifted.

POSSIBLE EVIDENCE TO BE COLLECTED