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Chapter 3-Phy220

Physics Class Notes for Physics 1 with Calculus

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103 views25 pages

Chapter 3-Phy220

Physics Class Notes for Physics 1 with Calculus

Uploaded by

Jordan Tucker
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 3

Motion in Two or Three Dimensions

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


Position vector

• The position vector from the origin to point P has


components x, y, and z.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


Average velocity
• The average velocity
between two points is
the displacement
divided by the time
interval between the
two points, and it has
the same direction as
the displacement.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


Calculating average and instantaneous velocity

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


Problem #1

Section 4.2
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.
Projectile Motion
An object moves in both the x and y directions simultaneously

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


Rules of Projectile Motion
The x- and y-directions of motion are completely
independent of each other
The x-direction is uniform motion
ax = 0

The y-direction is free fall


ay = -g

The initial velocity can be broken down into its x- and


y-components

vOx  vO cos  O vOy  vO sin O

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


The effects of air resistance

• Calculations become
more complicated.
• Acceleration is not
constant.
• Effects can be very
large.
• Maximum height and
range decrease.
• Trajectory is no longer
a parabola.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


The x and y motion are separable—Figure 3.16
• The red ball is dropped at
the same time that the
yellow ball is fired
horizontally.
• The strobe marks equal time
intervals.
• We can analyze projectile
motion as horizontal motion
with constant velocity and
vertical motion with
constant acceleration: ax = 0
and ay = g.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


Tranquilizing a falling monkey
• Will the dart hit the monkey?

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cxvsHNRXLjw
The equations for projectile motion
x   v0 cos0  t
• If we set x0 = y0 = 0, the  

equations describing projectile y   v0 sin0  t  12 gt 2


motion are shown at the right.  

vx  v0 cos0
• The trajectory is a parabola.
v y  v0 sin0  gt

Eliminating t b/w x and y gives


eq. of a parabola.

Y = (tanα0) x - (g/2v02cos2 α0) x2

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


Height and Range of a Projectile
H=v02sin2α0 / 2g

R=v02sin2α0 / g

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


Maximum height and range of a projectile
• What initial angle will give the maximum height and the
maximum range of a projectile?

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


Problem #2
A grasshopper can jump a distance of 30 in (0.76 m) from a
standing start.

A. If the grasshopper takes off at the optimal angle for


maximum distance of the jump, what is the initial speed
of the jump?
B. Most animals jump at a lower angle than 45°. Suppose
the grasshopper takes off at 30° from the horizontal.
What jump speed is necessary to reach the noted
distance?

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 3-20


A body projected horizontally

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


Problem #3
A rock is thrown upward from level ground in such
a way that the maximum height of its flight is
equal to its horizontal range R. (a) at what angle θ
is the rock thrown? (b) In terms of its original
range R, what is the range Rmax the rock can
attain if it is launched at the same speed but at
the optimal angle for maximum range? (c) Would
the answer to part (a) be different if the rock is
thrown with the same speed on a different planet?

Section 4.3
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.
http://media.pearsoncmg.com/aw/aw_0media_ph
ysics/vtd/video9.html#

http://media.pearsoncmg.com/aw/aw_0media_ph
ysics/vtd/video8.html#

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


QuickCheck 3.16
• A heavy red ball is released
from rest 2.0 m above a flat,
horizontal surface. At exactly
the same instant, a yellow ball
with the same mass is fired
horizontally at 3.0 m/s. Which
ball hits the ground first?

• The red ball hits first.


• The yellow ball hits first.
• They hit at the same time.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 3-27


QuickCheck 3.17
• A 100-g ball rolls off a table and lands 2.0 m from the base
of the table. A 200-g ball rolls off the same table with the
same speed. It lands at distance

A. 1.0 m
B. Between 1 m and 2 m
C. 2.0 m
D. Between 2 m and 4 m
E. 4.0 m

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 3-28


QuickCheck 3.18
Projectiles 1 and 2 are launched over level ground with the
same speed but at different angles. Which hits the ground
first? Ignore air resistance.

A. Projectile 1 hits first.


B. Projectile 2 hits first.
C. They hit at the same time.
D. There’s not enough information to tell.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 3-29


Example: Problem #19
A playground is on the flat roof of a city school, 6.00 m above the street
below. The vertical wall of the building is h = 7.00 m high, to form a 1-m-
high railing around the playground. A ball has fallen to the street below,
and a passerby returns it by launching it at an of θ = 53.0° above the
horizontal at a point d = 24.0 m from the base of the building wall. The
ball takes 2.20 s to reach a point vertically above the wall. (a) Find the
speed at which the ball was launched. (b) Find the vertical distance by
which the ball clears the wall. (c) Find the horizontal distance from the
wall to the point on the roof where the ball lands.
Relative velocity

• The velocity of a moving body seen by a particular


observer is called the velocity relative to that observer,
or simply the relative velocity.
• A frame of reference is a coordinate system plus a time
scale.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


Relative velocity in one dimension

• If point P is moving relative to


reference frame A, we denote
the velocity of P relative to
frame A as vP/A.

• If P is moving relative to frame


B and frame B is moving
relative to frame A, then the x-
velocity of P relative to frame A
is

vP/A-x = vP/B-x + vB/A-x.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


Relative velocity
• Motion along a straight
road is a case of one-
dimensional motion.

Q. If you are moving at


60 mph and truck at
40 mph what is your
velocity relative to
truck?

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.


Problem#5: Flying in a crosswind
• A crosswind affects the motion of an airplane. Plane (P) is
pointed north but Air (A) blows east. (a) Find resultant
velocity relative to earth VP/E and Angle α . (b) In which
direction and at what speed plane should move to head due
north.

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.

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