Fabrication and Analysis of PLA based

Nuts, Bolts and Study

D.B.Naga Muruga, Dept of Mechanical Engineering,
Sriram Engineering College, Perumalpattu, Ct. [email protected]

Abstract Origin of 3D Printing Our Project Applications

Initially, this 3D Printing has different We wish to study and compare the
Today manufacturing has become The application of Additive Manufacturing based PLA covers huge
names. Stereolithography was the name coined by Charles Hull in 1984. Later hardness of PLA and Steel manufactured. So, we designed to Additive
one of the essential necessities for survival of humans. As technologies sectors. Because of its properties, it is preferred for most and used by many.
in 1989 S. Scott Crump patented and coined the term Fused Deposition Manufacture some pairs of nuts and bolts.
rise, complex machines and problems in manufacturing also rise. To Engineers have confirmed that Food made from PLA is safe to eat and it won’t
Modelling. Later in 1993 Massachusetts Institute of Technology further
overcome new methods in manufacturing is used. One such technology cause any health issues even to children. So, this has made a major move in the
commercialized Additive Manufacturing. After several kinds of research taken
is Additive Manufacturing (or) 3D Printing. In this journal, we are going incubation of several different ideas holding startups along with the world.
place in Additive Manufacturing. As a result in 2004, Adrian Bowyer
to view about origin and comparison study of Poly Lactic Acid (PLA) in Also, PLA is used in medical and Pharma industries. Today several biomedical
introduced a new type of 3D Printer called RepRap Project. It is nothing but 3D
Additive Manufacturing. In further, a product of PLA is Additive components are being manufactured in PLA and given for medical students to
Printers print their own parts and it has made to open source available for all
Manufactured and implied for tests. The results are cross-checked with study. Especially Additive Manufactured organs of humans look like the same
people to use. It is also accepted in terms of the General Public License. The
standard data of PLA and comparison study of top preferred materials in in appearances and operating. So these PLA organs are used to train Surgery
main motto of RepRap is to make the printer mobile for people. Especially for
3D Printing is also discussed. In further, the advantages, limitations of Students to give a clear education with practical learning. Other than that PLA
people who live in less-civilized areas, to create a new survival opportunity for
Additive Manufacturing is also discussed. The upcoming tests to is also used in wardrobes, fashion jewel, mobile spare parts, automobile
them.
completely verify the PLA material is mentioned clearly. This journal components, containers, bottles, table wears, cups, etc.
also discusses the current advances of Additive Manufacturing in As by its motto, it was very easy to use The above image is Additively Manufactured PLA based nuts and bolts.
today’s world. the printer for all. Even compared to past printers in that period, this Self The make charges are Rupees One Thousand Five Hundred. It took nearly 6 Limitations
Reciprocating Printers was very easier for people to operate and Additively days to complete manufacturing from scrap and the printer we used to print is a
Manufacture the materials. So it entirely revolutionized the Additive MAKERBOT type printer. We observed that the nut and bolt physically have This Additive Manufacturing can easily solve several problems in
Manufacturing. Later new sub variance in Additive Manufacturing came to rise good strength and a good hardness surface on nut and bolt. This shows that it Traditional Manufacturing methods. Still, it has some disadvantages. It is a little
with new methodologies based on the requirements. Further, the Additive will have a good resistance in Tear and Wear. The weight of our nut and bolt is longer time taking process than some processes. The major Disadvantage in
Manufacturing start to use Substrate materials as Steel and Composite. Even 6gms. We instead of 3D Designing the object downloaded an STL file on the Additive Manufacturing is Illegal 3D Printing of Explosives and Fire Arms.
today several types of research undergoes in these topics to create effective 3D Thingiverse website. (i.e) an open-source website that has thousands of STL Because whatever the 3D Scanned file we give will be printed and by the way it
Printed objects. files for DIY printers and projects. This is the 3D STL file that we chose for is misused in some parts of the world. The above-given Picture is a fully Additive
Additive Manufacturing. The color of PLA material we chose is White so that Manufactured gun with similar mechanisms of a normal steel made gun. If Bullet
Current Advances in 3D Printing we can easily detect any grease or oil leakages. We also tested its melting is loaded with Gun Powder it works similarly to a real gun. And this is the
temperature to be 2050 C approximately. We planned to take some comparisons problem if 3D Scanned STL files of the Fire Arms if found in the wrong hands. It
from PLA to Stainless Steel material. Although PLA could not be used instead could end like the above given picture. That’s why some countries have given
Additive Manufacturing today has revolutionized the traditional
of even Mild Steel in industries, as it is degradable. We tried to compare the strict rules for usage of this Additive Manufacturing.
manufacturing methods. When designing a new or complex component, Initially
Hardness values of both PLA and Stainless Steel material.
the component is designed in 3D Modelling software as a CAD file. Now the
CAD file is sliced as STL file and implied for the Additive Manufacturing Future Works
Introduction process. For identifying and analyzing Geometrical Tolerances, actual shape,
view, and some more minute perfections, this Additive Manufacturing Test Report Comparison Currently, we have made few tests and several studies of PLA. Although
Manufacturing is divided into several methodology is utilized. In other words, it has become a great boon for in the upcoming period, we tend to verify all the data of PLA is whether similarly
categories based on necessities. One such category is Additional Manufacturing Manufacturing. Because the cost of manufacturing a Prototype is very high when matched during experiments. The tests include Fatigue Test, FEA, Ansys test.
We plan to make the Shore Hardness test to our sample and identifies the
(or) 3D Printing and Subtractive Manufacturing. Subtractive Manufacturing is compared to additive manufacturing. The cost of a prototype includes all metal Also, we plan to print PLA according to some of its Additive Manufacturing tests
hardness value of both nuts and bolts. As they gave a good strength output, even
traditional manufacturing which is nothing but the removal of materials and its removing processes like drilling, machining, surface finishing, etc. As the costs that include The Cal Cube Test, Overhang Test, The Bridge Test, Stringing Test,
still they are biodegradable. So they cannot be replaced instead of Stainless Steel
actions. This includes various operations like Drilling, Boring, Chamfering, of taking all these actions for a single material is higher and they cost each and Temperature Tower. We also plan to take some Mechanical Properties test,
or Mild Steel. We found that our PLA based nut and bolt’s properties matched
Knurling, etc and to be collectively called Machining. But in Additive process individual changes in machines. This also proves that it is a time taking Destructive and Non – Destructive tests, etc. This will give a brief knowledge and
with the standard PLA based Hardness value during Hardness experiments we
Manufacturing material an object is initially designed in Three Dimensions and costlier process of manufacturing a prototype in the normal manufacturing identify any changes occurred during these tests. Whatever the mechanical tests
performed.
using modeling software like Creo, Auto CAD, etc. The obtained CAD file is process. In Additive Manufacturing, no machines are needed for any actions, tend to be carried on, one thing should be kept in mind. It is nothing but our PLA
converted into an STL file. This STL file is nothing but a file of CAD is split once the STL file is given the 3d Printer will take the care. is nothing but a THERMOPLASTIC. Tests which is suited for thermoplastics can
into thousands of layers with G-Codes. This language is suitable for reading 3D Sample Observed
only be carried on PLA and tests that don’t support these plastics will be a waste
Printers. The G-Codes explains the movement of an extruder for every layer by Additive Manufacturing has also revolutionized the Medical Industry and obtained to Values of time and money.
layer. The extruder on the top end is connected with the Substrate material. In Medical Education. PLA Composite based screws are being replaced for
further it is connected with 3 Stepper Motors that reads the G-Codes and moves Titanium screws which have been used long term ago since now. During test We also plan to design a type of 3D Scanning device. This device will be
the extruder with X, Y, Z axes. The substrate material is melted in an extruder Surgical Operations, this achievement was made successfully in foreign PLA Nut 76 – 78 in the form of a treadmill. The main motto of our work is to take the
and that filament is applied layer by layer upon the bed, by which our material countries. It is also observed that for Knee Surgical Implant, Screws from the measurements of the feet of people who use the treadmill. So, the exact feet
gets Additively Manufactured. material of Poly Lactic Acid given greater efficiency and strength when PLA Bolt 76 - 78 dimensions of the people can be acquired.
compared to Titanium Bolts. Not only that Additive Manufactured organs are
From this method, any complex or used to train Medical students for surgical operations. As the organs are similar From the Shore Hardness test, we can identify that in terms of Durometer
dissimilar or small-sized irregular geometrical object can be manufactured. It is to human body parts and they match the properties of shapes, sizes, appearance, our PLA comes under the category of SOFT typed. It has given an impact load Acknowledgements
mainly used in prototype Manufacturing were to create the actual material feelings, etc. Additive Manufactured tissues are planning to arise and it is going of 0.822 kg with a resulting force of 8.064 N. Commonly the foot for indentation
It is observed that PLA is playing a major role in Additive Manufacturing.
without any Subtractive Manufacturing methods. Because the cost of to keep the astronauts healthy during space missions. Several leading Space used will be made from Hardened Steel Rod with a diameter of 1.1 mm to 1.4
Because of its properties, it is used in Food, Medical industries specifically. The
manufacturing only one or two materials in Subtractive Manufacturing will cost organizations started their work experiments in this. mm. Similarly, it also has a truncated cone of 350 . The diameter of this ball
fabricated PLA material is implied for testing and the readings are discussed with a
higher than Additive Manufacturing. So this method is preferred for Proto Type In the Food Industry, it made its giant leap. If a kid wishes to celebrate its ranges from 0.79 mm.
comparative study of ABS and Nylon. It is also identified that the nut and bolt we
manufacturing. The Substrate material for Additive Manufacturing includes Birthday Party, the face of the child same can be 3D Printed. And the most When we observe its degradable properties, we can identify that PLA can be manufactured gave results that are similar to the standard data of PLA records.
(PLA, ABS, Nylon, HIPS, PETG, ASA), etc. But top preferred materials are important thing is the kid and the most important thing to be noticed here is the easily decomposed with a time period of 50 days in Industrial Composters and Further tests are also discussed in this journal. The fabrication analysis has given a
only chosen to study and one material is Additive Manufactured in form of Nuts kid can eat that cake and nothing will happen to it. This shows the evolution of 48 months in water. Where ABS is non-biodegradable, were it can only be complete view of PLA in Additive Manufacturing. We hope that this journal will
and Bolts for further Testings and research purposes. . Additive Manufacturing in the Food Processing Industry. recycled. So PLA is preferred in 3D Printing applications that include food, help in providing deep knowledge of Additive Manufacturing to people who view
medical industries, etc. this.

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