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Newtons Formula For Velocity of Sound

Newton derived a formula for the speed of sound in air by assuming sound waves propagate through an isothermal process where the temperature remains constant. According to Newton's formula, the speed of sound in air at normal temperature and pressure is about 343 meters per second, depending on factors like temperature and the specific gases present. The speed of sound is used to measure the speed of objects moving through fluids by calculating the object's Mach number based on the ratio of its speed to the speed of sound.

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281 views9 pages

Newtons Formula For Velocity of Sound

Newton derived a formula for the speed of sound in air by assuming sound waves propagate through an isothermal process where the temperature remains constant. According to Newton's formula, the speed of sound in air at normal temperature and pressure is about 343 meters per second, depending on factors like temperature and the specific gases present. The speed of sound is used to measure the speed of objects moving through fluids by calculating the object's Mach number based on the ratio of its speed to the speed of sound.

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padmja4purohit
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Newtons formula for velocity of sound

• According to Newton, when sound waves propagate in air,


compression and rarefaction are formed.
• He assumed that the process is very slow and the heat
produced during compression is given to surrounding and
heat loss during compression is gained from surrounding.
• So the temperature remains constant and sound waves
propagate through an isothermal process.
• Derivation of Newton's Formula
• According to gas law (Boyle's law),
• PV = constant where,
• P = pressure
• V = volume of air .
• Relationship of velocity or air with bulk the
velocity of sound in air using Newton's
formula at NTP (Normal Temperature and
Pressure) is given by:
• Pressure (P)= 1.1013 * 105 N/m2Density of air
(ρ) = 1.293 kg/m3Calculation of velocity of
sound in air with Newton's formula.
• The speed of sound is the distance travelled per
unit time by a sound wave as it propagates
through an elastic medium.
• At 20 °C (68 °F), the speed of sound in air is
about 343 metres per second.
• It depends strongly on temperature, but also
varies by several metres per second, depending
on which gases exist in the medium through
which a soundwave is propagating.
• Sound waves in solids are composed of compression
waves (just as in gases and liquids), and a different type
of sound wave called a shear wave, which occurs only
in solids.
• Shear waves in solids usually travel at different speeds,
as exhibited in seismology.
• The speed of compression waves in solids is
determined by the medium's compressibility, shear
modulus and density.
• The speed of shear waves is determined only by the
solid material's shear modulus and density.
• In fluid dynamics, the speed of sound in a fluid
medium (gas or liquid) is used as a relative
measure for the speed of an object moving
through the medium.
• The ratio of the speed of an object to the speed
of sound in the fluid is called the object's Mach
number.
• Objects moving at speeds greater than Mach1 are
said to be traveling at supersonic speeds.

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