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Reinforcement

1. Set specific, measurable rehabilitation goals and celebrate small wins along the way. 2. Provide frequent, positive feedback on progress and effort. 3. Help athletes understand how rehabilitation exercises will improve performance upon return to play.

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bryan
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42 views

Reinforcement

1. Set specific, measurable rehabilitation goals and celebrate small wins along the way. 2. Provide frequent, positive feedback on progress and effort. 3. Help athletes understand how rehabilitation exercises will improve performance upon return to play.

Uploaded by

bryan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Principles of Reinforcement

Why principles of
reinforcement are complex
People react differently to the
same reinforcement.
People are unable to repeat
desirable behaviors.
People receive different reinforcers
in different situations.
Approaches to
Influencing Behavior
Positive Focuses on rewarding
approach appropriate behavior, which
increases the likelihood of
desirable responses occurring
in the future.

Negative Focuses on punishing


approach undesirable behaviors, which
should lead to future
redirection of these
inappropriate behaviors.
Approaches to
Influencing Behavior
Most coaches and instructors combine
positive and negative approaches.
Sport psychologists agree that the predominant approach
with physical activity and sport participants should be
positive because the negative approach often instills fear
in participants.
Positive Reinforcement
1. Choose effective reinforcers
(e.g., social material, activity).
2. Timing or schedule of reinforcement.
Early learning—continuous and
immediate reinforcement desirable
Learned skill—intermittent and
immediate reinforcement desirable
3. Shape or reinforce successful
approximations of difficult behaviors.
4. Reward performance,
as well as outcome.
(continued)
5. Reward effort.
6. Reward emotional and social skill.
7. Provide knowledge of results
(feedback regarding the correctness
or incorrectness of an action).
8. Provide motivational and
instructional feedback.
Punishment
Punishment can control and
change behavior but 80 to 90% of
reinforcement should be positive.

Drawbacks of punishment
Punishment can arouse fear of failure.
Punishment can act as a reinforcer.
Punishment can hinder learning of skills.
Modifying Behavior
in Sport
Behavior modification

Systematic application of the


basic principles of reinforcement
to change behavior.
Modifying Behavior
in Sport & Rehab. Settings

Behavior program principles

Target the behaviors; define targeted


behaviors; record behaviors; provide
meaningful feedback; state outcomes
clearly; tailor reward systems.
Intrinsic Motivation
and Extrinsic Rewards
Intrinsic motivation: Striving inwardly to
be competent and self-determining.

Basic question: Do extrinsic rewards


undermine intrinsic motivation?

Research shows that being paid for working on an


intrinsically interesting activity can decrease a person’s
intrinsic motivation for the activity.
Intrinsic Motivation
and Extrinsic Rewards
Cognitive
Evaluation
Theory
How rewards are perceived is
critical in determining whether
intrinsic motivation increases or
decreases.
Cognitive Evaluation Theory
Controlling aspects: Rewards that are perceived
to control a person or suggest the person is not
competent decrease intrinsic motivation.

Informational aspects: Rewards that increase the


information aspect
and provide positive feedback
about competence increase intrinsic motivation.
How Extrinsic Rewards
Affect Intrinsic Motivation in
Sport
Competitive success and failure: Competitive success
increases intrinsic motivation, whereas competitive
failure tends to decrease intrinsic motivation.

Feedback: Positive feedback increases


intrinsic motivation.
Increasing Intrinsic
Motivation
Provide for successful experiences.
Give rewards contingent on
performance.

Use verbal and nonverbal praise.


Vary content and sequence
practice drills.
What types of things can
you do as an athletic
trainer that can help the
motivation of athletes in
the rehabilitation process?

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