Bab 3 ; PENGOKSIDAAN

DAN PENURUNAN

3.1 PENGOKSIDAAN DAN PENURUNAN

 TINDAKBALAS REDOKS

DEFINISI PENGOKSIDAAN DAN PENURUNAN

Oxidation reaction involves: Reduction reaction involves:

 penambahan oksigen  kehilangan oksigen

 kehilangan hidrogen  penambahan hidrogen

 kehilangan elektron  penambahan elektron

 penambahan nombor  pengurangan nombor

pengoksidaan pengoksidaan
 Definisi
Tindakbalas redoks
merupakan tindak balas kimia dimana proses
pengoksidaan dan penurunan
berlaku secara serentak.

REDOX
PENGOKSIDAAN DAN PENURUNAN

RED OX

Reduction Oxidation
 Definition

AGEN PENGOKSIDAAN

Bahan yang mengalami penurunan bertindak sebagai agen

pengoksidaan

AGEN PENURUNAN

Bahan yang mengalami pengoksidaan bertindak sebagai

agen penurunan

.
Redox Reactions in terms of Loss and Gain Oxygen

PENGOKSIDAAN - Tindakbalas penambahan oksigen

RENURUNAN - Tindakbalas kehilangan oksigen
Redox Reactions in terms of Loss and Gain Oxygen

Contoh : PENAMBAHAN OKSIGEN

PENGOKSIDAAN – Penambahan oksigen

Mg + CuO  MgO + Cu

PENURUNAN – kehilangan oksigen

Magnesium dioksidakan kerana mengalami penambahan oksigen.

Kuprum(II) oksida diturunkan kerana mengalami kehilangan oksigen

AGEN PENGOKSIDAAN : CuO

AGEN PENURUNAN : Mg
TINDAKBALAS REDOKS

Tindakbalas Redoks – Contoh 1

PbO(s) + H2(g)  Pb(s) + H2O(g)

The lead(II) oxide is reduced to lead because oxygen is

removed from it.

Hydrogen gas is called the reducing agent because it helps to

reduce lead(II) oxide to lead. Hydrogen gas is oxidized to water
because oxygen is added to it.

Lead(II) oxide is called the oxidizing agent because it supplies

oxygen to H2 and thus causes H2 to be oxidized to water.

We can see that reduction and oxidation occur at the same time.
Thus the above reaction is called a redox reaction.
Redox Reactions

Redox reaction – Example 2

H2S(g) + Cl2 ---> 2HCl(g) + S(s)

The hydrogen sulphide is oxidized because hydrogen is

removed from it.

Chlorine is the oxidizing agent because it helps remove

hydrogen from H2S, thus causing it to be oxidized. On the
other hand, chlorine is reduced because hydrogen is added to
it.

Hydrogen sulphide is the reducing agent because it supplies

hydrogen to chlorine, thus causing it to be reduced.

We can see that reduction and oxidation occur at the same time.
Thus the above reaction is called a redox reaction.
Redox Reactions in terms of Loss and Gain Hydrogen

CONTOH 2: KEHILANGAN HIDROGEN

PENGOKSIDAAN – Kehilangan hidrogen

2HI + Br2  I + 2 HBr

PENURUNAN – penambahan Hidrogen

Hidrogen iodida (HI) dioksidakan kerana mengalami kehilangan hidrogen.

Chlorine gas is reduced as it gains hydrogen.

AGEN PENGOKSIDAAN : Br2

AGEN PENURUNAN : HI
 TINDAKBALAS REDOKS

Definisi tindakbals pengoksidaan dan penurunan dari segi Pemindahan Elektron

Pengoksidaan
– Kehilangan /Proses pembebasan elektron

- dan diikuti oleh Pertambahan nombor Pengoksidaan

Penurunan
- Penerimaan Elektron
- dan diikuti oleh Pengurangan nombor Pengoksidaan.

Agen Pengoksidaan : ialah Penerima Elektrons (Proses Penurunan)

Agen Penurunan : ialah Penderma Elektron (Proses Pengoksidaan)

 Tindakbalas REDOKS :

Contoh 3: KEHILANGAN ELEKTRON

PENGOKSIDAAN – kehilangan elektron

Zn + Cu2+  Zn2+ + Cu

PENURUNAN - penerimaan elektron

Zink dioksidakan kerana kehilangan elektron.

Ion kuprum(II) diturunkan kerana mengalami penerimaan
elektron.

AGEN PENGOKSIDAAN : Cu2+

AGEN PENURUNAN : Zn
 Tindakbals Redoks : kehilangan elektron
PENGOKSIDAAN

Zn + Cu2+  Zn2+ + Cu

PENURUNAN

PENGOKSIDAAN – kehilangan elektron

Setengah persamaan : Zn → Zn2+ + 2e

Penambahan nombor pengoksidaan daripada 0 ke +2

PENURUNAN - penerimaan elektron

Setengah persamaan : Cu2+ + 2e → Cu

pengurangan nombor pengoksidaan daripada +2 ke 0

 Tindakbalas Redok Dari segi
Perubahan nombor pengoksidaan

PENGOKSIDAAN ialah tindakbalas - pertambahan nombor

pengoksidaan .

PENURUNAN ialah tindakbalas - pengurangan nombor

pengoksidaan .
Tindakbalas Redok Dari segi Perubahan
nombor pengoksidaan

PENGOKSIDAAN – Peritambahan nombor pengoksidaan

0  +2

Zn + Cu2+  Zn2+ + Cu

PENURUNAN – Pengurangan nombor pengoksidaan

+2  0

Zink dioksidakan kepada ion.

Ion kuprum diturunkan kepada Zink.

AGEN PENGOKSIDAAN : Cu2+

AGEN PENURUNAN : Zn
Redox Reactions

Redox reaction – Example 3

Fe2O3(s) + 3CO(g)  2Fe(s) + 3CO2(g)

Iron(III) oxide is reduced to iron because oxygen is removed

from it.

Carbon monoxide is the reducing agent because it removes

oxygen from Fe2O3. Carbon monoxide is oxidized because
oxygen is added to it.

Iron(III) oxide is the oxidizing agent because it supplies oxygen

to carbon monoxide.

We can see that reduction and oxidation occur at the same time.
Thus the above reaction is called a redox reaction.
 Redox Reactions

Example of oxidation and reduction reaction in terms of electron transfer

Burning of sodium in chlorine 2 Na(s) + Cl2(g)  2NaCl(s)

Sodium (reducing agent) Chlorine (oxidizing agent)
loses one valence electron (electron accepts an electron (electron acceptor)
donor) and is oxidized to sodium ion. and it is reduced to chloride ion.
The oxidation state (o.s) of sodium The oxidation state (o.s) of chlorine
increases from 0 to +1. decreases from 0 to -1.
 Nombor Pengoksidaan

NOMBOR PENGOKSIDAAN

Suatu unsur = cas yang diperolehi oleh unsur itu

selepas pemindahan elektron berlaku.

Dikenali juga sebagai

KEADAAN PENGOKSIDAAN
 Redox Reactions

Rules in determining the oxidation number of an element

Element Oxidation number

Rule 1 Mg 0
The oxidation number of atoms in Zn 0
elements is zero. O2 0
Cl2 0
Ions Oxidation number N2 0
Na+ +1
Rule 2
Ca2+ +2
Al3+ +3 The oxidation number of a
Br- -1 monoatomic ion is the charge
S2- -2 carried by the ion.

Compound Oxidation number of oxygen

Rule 3 HNO3 -2
H2SO4 -2
The oxidation number of oxygen
in its compound is -2 except for CO2 -2
peroxide where its oxidation K2Cr2O7 -2
number is -1. H2O2 -1
 Redox Reactions

Rules in determining the oxidation number of an element

Compound Oxidation number of hydrogen

Rule 4
HNO3 +1
The oxidation number of H2SO4 +1
hydrogen in its compound is +1 HClO3 +1
except for hydrides where its
CH4 +1
oxidation number is -1.
NaH -1

Species Net charge Rule 5

HNO3 0
CO2 0 The sum of oxidation numbers is
ClO-3 -1 equal to the net charge of the
species.
SO2-4 -2
Redox Reactions

Worked Example (1)

Determine the oxidation number of the underlined element in H2S2O7

(Assuming the oxidation number of the element is p)

H2S2O7 Net charge = 0

(Oxidation number of H) = +1
(Oxidation number of S) = p

(Oxidation number of O) = -2

2(+1) + 2p + 7(-2) = 0
+2 + 2p - 14 = 0
2p - 12 = 0
2p = +12
p = +6
 Redox Reactions

Worked Examples - Continued

(b) HNO3 (c) H2SO4

(a) CO2
The net charge is 0 The net charge is 0
The net charge is 0
(+1) + p + 3(-2) = 0 2(+1) + p + 4(-2) = 0
p + 2(-2) = 0
+1 + p – 6 = 0 +2 + p – 8 = 0
p–4=0
p–5=0 p–6=0
p = +4
p = +5 p = +6

(e) H2C2O4
(f) S2O82-
The net charge is 0
(d) NH3 The net charge is -2
2(+1) + 2p + 4(-2) = 0
The net charge is 0 2p + 8(-2) = -2
+2 + 2p – 8 = 0
p + 3(+1) = 0 2p – 16 = -2
2p – 6 = 0
p = -3 2p = +14
2p = +6
p = +7
p = +3
(g) PO43- (h) NO-2 i) HCO-3
The net charge is -3 The net charge is -1 The net charge is -1
p + 4(-2) = -3 p + 2(-2) = -1 (+1) + p + 3(-2) = -1
p – 8 = -3 p – 4 = -1 +1 + p - 6 = -1
p = -3 + 8 p = -1 + 4 p – 5 = -1
= +5 = +3 p = +4
 Redox Reactions

Worked Examples (2)

Logam yang mempunyai lebih daripada satu nombor pengoksidaan

( UNSUR PERALIHAN) .Angka roman ditulis dalam kurungan selepas logam.
.

(a) CuO (b) Cu2O (c) MnO

The net charge is 0 The net charge is 0 p + (-2) = 0
p + (-2) = 0 2p + (-2) = 0 p = +2
p–2=0 2p = +2
p = +2 p = +1
Copper(II) oxide Copper(I) oxide Manganese(II) oxide

(d) Mn2O3 (e) MnO2 (f) FeCl2

2p + 3(-2) = 0 p + 2(-2) = 0 p + 2(-1) = 0
2p - 6 = 0 p–4=0 p–2=0
2p = +6 p = +4 p = +2
p = +3
Manganese(III) oxide Manganese(IV) oxide Iron(II) chloride
 Redox Reactions

Worked Examples (2) - Continued

(i)Cr2O72-
(g) FeCl3 (h) V2O5
The net charge is -2.
p + 3(-1) = 0 2p + 5(-2) = 0
2p + 7(-2) = -2
p–3=0 2p – 10 = 0
2p – 14 = -2
p = +3 2p = +10
2p = +12
p = +5
p = +6
Iron(III) chloride Vanadium(V) oxide
Dichromate(VI) ion

(j) VO2+ (k) MnO42- (l) MnO4-

Net charge is +1 The net charge is -2 The net charge is -1
p + 2(-2) = +1 p + 4(-2) = -2 p + 4(-2) = -1
p – 4 = +1 p – 8 = -2 p – 8 = -1
p = +3 p = +6 p = +7
Vanadate(III) ion Manganate(VI) ion Manganate(VII) ion

Past Year Question

 Redox Reactions

Oxidation of Fe2+ to Fe3+

(i) Excess bromine water is added

into iron(II) chloride solution.

(ii) Then aqueous sodium hydroxide

is added to the mixture.

Result

The green solution turns brown.

When NaOH is added, a brown precipitate is formed.

This shows that iron(II) ions are oxidized to iron(III) ions.

 Redox Reactions

Oxidation of Fe2+ to Fe3+ - Explanation

•Iron(II) ion loses an electron and is oxidized to iron(III) ion.

Fe2+  Fe3+ + e Half Ionic equation
Oxidation number +2 +3 (Oxidation)

•Each bromine atom accepts one electron and forms bromide ion.
Br2 + 2e  2Br- Half Ionic equation
Oxidation number 0 -1 (Reduction)
Overall ionic equation :
Br2 + 2Fe2+ ----> 2Fe3+ + 2Br -
Oxidation number 0 +2 +3 -1

•Fe2+ is oxidized to Fe3+. Bromine is the oxidizing agent

•Bromine is reduced to bromide ions. Iron(II) ion is the
reducing agent.

The Fe3+ ions formed react with NaOH to form brown

iron(III) hydroxide precipitate.

Fe3+(aq) + 3OH-(aq)  Fe(OH)3(s)

Brown precipitate
 Redox Reactions

Reduction of Fe3+ to Fe2+

(i) Some zinc powder is added to

iron(III) chloride solution. The
mixture is warmed slightly over
Bunsen burner.

(ii) Then aqueous sodium hydroxide

solution is added.

Result

The brown solution turns light green.

A green precipitate is formed when NaOH is added.

This shows that the Fe3+ ions were reduced to Fe2+ ions.
 Redox Reactions

Reduction of Fe3+ to Fe2+ - Explanation

Each iron(III) ion gains an electron and is reduced to iron(II) ion.

Fe3+ + e  Fe2+ Half Ionic equation
Oxidation number +3 +2 (Reduction)

Each zinc atom loses two electrons to form zinc ion.

Zn  Zn2+ + 2e Half Ionic equation
Oxidation number 0 +2 (Oxidation)

Overall ionic equation

Zn + 2Fe3+  2Fe2+ + Zn2+
Oxidation number 0 +3 +2 +2

Fe3+ is reduced to Fe2+. Zinc is the reducing agent

Zinc atom is oxidised to zinc ion. Iron(III) ion is the
oxidising agent.

Fe2+ ions formed react with NaOH to form green iron(II)

hydroxide precipitate.

Fe2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq)  Fe(OH)2(s)

Green precipitate
 Redox Reactions

Displacement of metal from its salt solution

A more electropositive metal can displace a less

electropositive metal from its aqueous salt solution.

A less electropositive metal cannot displace a more

electropositive metal from its aqueous salt solution.

K, Na, Ca, Mg, Al, Zn, Fe, Sn, Pb, Cu, Hg, Ag

More electropositive Less electropositive

Examples
Cu(s) + 2AgNO3(aq)  2Ag(s) + Cu(NO3)2(aq)
Mg(s) + CuSO4(aq)  Cu(s) + MgSO4(aq)
Zn(s) + FeSO4(aq)  Fe(s) + ZnSO4(aq)
Cu(s) + FeSO4(aq)  No reaction
Pb(s) + ZnSO4(aq)  No reaction
 Redox Reactions

Displacement of metal from its salt solution - continued

Zinc displaces copper metal from copper(II) sulphate

solution.
Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq)  Cu(s) + ZnSO4(aq)
Half Ionic Equations:
Zn(s)  Zn2+ (aq) + 2e (Oxidation)
Cu2+(aq) + 2e  Cu(s) (Reduction)

Overall Ionic Equation:

Zn(s) + Cu2+(aq)  Cu(s) + Zn2+ (aq)
o.n. 0 +2(blue) 0(brown) +2(Colourless)

Observations

(a) Brown solid is deposited.

(b) The colour of the solution changes from blue to colourless.

(c) The temperature of the mixture increases.

(All displacement reactions are exothermic)
Past Year Question
 Redox Reactions

Displacement of halogen from its halide salt solution

A more reactive halogen can displace a less reactive halogen from

its aqueous halide solution. A less reactive halogen cannot displace
a more reactive halogen from its aqueous halide solution.
Chlorine Bromine Iodine

More reactive Less reactive

Identifying halogens
2 cm3 of carbon tetrachloride(CCl4) is poured into three separate test tubes.
Chlorine water, bromine water and iodine solution is added to each of the test
tube. The mixture is shaken.
The colour of the carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) layer (bottom layer) is recorded.

Carbon tetrachloride CCl4 is also known

as tetrachloromethane

1. Chlorine dissolves in CCl4 to give a

very pale yellow color.
2. Bromine dissolves in CCl4 to give a
brown colour.
3. Iodine dissolves in CCl4 to give a
purple colour.
 Chapter 3 Oxidation And Reduction
Redox Reactions

Displacement of halogen from its halide salt solution - Experiment

• 1 cm3 of aqueous potassium iodide solution, 1 cm3 of bromine water and 1 cm3
of CCl4 are added into a test tube, labelled A. The mixture is shaken.

• The experiment is repeated by adding 1 cm3 of aqueous potassium bromide

solution, 1 cm3 of chlorine water and 1 cm3 of CCl4 into another test tube, labelled
B. The mixture is shaken.

Results

Observation in test tube

Test tube
A B

Colour of
Purple Brown
CCl4 layer

Iodine Bromine
Inference
displaced displaced

ITeach – Chemistry Form 5

 Chapter 3 Oxidation And Reduction
Redox Reactions

Displacement of halogen from its halide salt solution - Continued

Ionic equations

Br2(aq) + 2I-(aq)  I2(aq) + 2Br-(aq)

o.n 0 -1 0 -1

• Bromine is reduced. Reducing agent are the iodide

ions. Iodide ions are oxidized.

• Oxidising agent is bromine. Iodine dissolves in CCl4

to give a purple colour.

Cl2(aq) + 2Br-(aq)  Br2(aq) + 2Cl-(aq)

o.n 0 -1 0 -1

• Chlorine is reduced. Reducing agent are the Br- ions.

Bromide ions are oxidized.

• Oxidising agent is Cl2. Bromine dissolves in CCl4 to

give a brown colour.

ITeach – Chemistry Form 5 Past Year Question

 Redox Reactions

Transfer of electrons at a distance - Example 1

At electrode Y
Iodide ions loses electrons and are oxidized to brown iodine.

2I- (aq)  l2(aq) + 2e ……………(1)

o.n -1 0 (Reduction)

The colour of the solution changes from colourless to brown.

The electrons released by the iodide ions flow from electrode Y to

electrode X along the connecting wires. The presence of iodine after the
reaction can be confirmed by testing the solution with starch solution. A
dark blue colour is obtained.
 Redox Reactions

Transfer of electrons at a distance - Example 1

At electrode X

The bromine molecules surrounding the electrode X accept the

electrons and are reduced to bromide ions.
Br2(aq) + 2e ---> 2Br- ……………(2)
o.n 0 -1 (Reduction)

The colour of the solution changes from brown to colourless.

Overall ionic equation; (1) + (2)
Br2(aq) + 2I-(aq)  I2(aq) + 2Br-(aq)

•Oxidising agent : Bromine Reducing agent : Iodide ions

 Redox Reactions

Transfer of electrons at a distance - Example 2

At electrode X

Each iron(II) ion loses one electron and is oxidized to iron(III) ion.

Fe2+(aq)  Fe3+ (aq) + e …………….. (1)

o.n. +2 +3 (Oxidation)

The colour of the solution changes from green (Fe2+) to brown (Fe3+).

The electrons released by the iron(II) ions flow from electrode X to

electrode Y along the connecting wires.
 Redox Reactions

Transfer of electrons at a distance - Example 2

At electrode Y

The dichromate(VI) ions accept the electrons and are reduced to

chromium(III) ions.

Cr2O72- + 14H+ +6e  2Cr3+ + 7H2O

o.s +6 +3 (Reduction)

The colour of the solution changes from orange to green (Cr3+).

Overall ionic equation; 6(1) + (2) ……………………………………………….

Oxidising agent : Dichromate(VI) ions Reducing agent : Iron(II) ions

Past Year Question

Chapter 3 Oxidation And
Reduction

3.2 Pengaratan sebagai satu tindakbalas redok

 PENGARATAN
Pengaratan ialah proses kakisan besi
Besi akan berkarat dengan kehadiran air dan udara ( oksigen)
 Pengaratan besi ECS
Kakisan logam lialah proses dimana logam
K
kehilangan elektron membentuk ion logam
Na
Mg : Mg → Mg2+ + 2e
Ca
Mg
Al
Zn
Semakin atas logam dalam Siri Elektrokimia , semakin senang logam Fe
kehilangan elektron ,jadi semakin mudah terkakis Sn
Pb
Cu
Pengaratan merupakan satu tindakbalas redoks Hg
Ag
Au
SYARAT PENGARATAN BESI ECS

Berlaku apabila kehadiran; K

 oksigen Na
 air Ca
Mg
Al
Zn
Fe
Sn
Pb
Cu
Hg
Ag
Au
 PENGARATAN BESI
Elektron yang dibuang
oleh besi diterima oleh The edges of water
oksigen dan air ditepi Water droplet berkarat droplet are rich in
besi membentuk ion OH- (elektrolit) dissolve oxygen.
O2 - - - - - - - - - -
O2
- - - - - - - - - -
Fe2+
e
iron

Anod (Besi dioksidakan) : Katod (oksigen dan air diturunkan) :

Fe  Fe2+ + 2e O2 + 2H2O + 4e  4 OH-
PENGOKSIDAAN PENURUNAN

PENGOKSIDAAN Fe  Fe2+ + 2e
PENURUNAN O2 + 2H2O + 4e  4 OH-
---------------------------------------------------------------------
PERSAMAAN 2Fe + O2 + 2H2O  2Fe2+ + 4 OH-
 RUSTING
Anod (Besi) :
Fe  Fe2+ + 2e Katod(Air dan oksigen) :
PENGOKSIDAAN Water droplet berkarat. O2 + 2H2O + 4e  4 OH-
(electrolyte) PENURUNAN

O2 - - - - - - - - - -
O2
- - - - - - - - -
Fe2+
e
Besi

PER.PENGARATAN BESI

Fe2+ + 2 OH-  Fe(OH)2

PENGOKSIDAAN 4 Fe(OH)2 + O2 + 2H2O  4 Fe(OH)3

2 Fe(OH)3  Fe2O3. 3H2O

(rust)
 PENGAWALAN PENGARATAN ECS

K
2 ways of controlling corrosion Na
Ca
Mg
• using less electropositive metal Al
• using more electropositive metal Zn
Fe
Sn
Pb
Cu
Hg
Ag
Au
 Rusting As A Redox Reactions

Rusting of Iron

Rusting is a redox reaction.

The iron (Fe) is oxidized to iron(III) ions

(Fe3+) by loss of electrons.

The oxygen molecules (O2) gained electrons

and are reduced to oxide ions (O2-). Iron(III)
oxide or rust is formed as a result.

Rust weakens the structures of cars, iron

railings and ship hulls.

Thus it is essential for us to prevent rusting.

 Rusting As A Redox Reactions

Rusting of Iron - Explanation

In the presence of oxygen and water, iron will rust. Each iron atom loses
two electrons and is oxidized to iron(II) ion.

The oxygen that is dissolved in the water then accept the electrons and
is reduced to hydroxide ions.

The iron(II) ions react with the hydroxide ions to form iron(II) hydroxide.
Fe2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq)  Fe(OH)2(s)

The iron(II) hydroxide is further oxidized by the oxygen from the air to
hydrated iron(III) oxide or rust.
2Fe(OH)2(s)  Fe2O3.2H2O (Rust)

O2(g) + 2H2O + 4e-  4OH- (Reduction)

at cathode
Fe(s)  Fe2+(aq) + 2e- (Oxidation)
at anode

Past Year Question

 Rusting As A Redox Reactions

Ways to control rusting of iron

Paint the surface of the iron or apply a layer of grease.

Mix the iron with other metals like chromium to form stainless steel.

Galvanize the iron with a more electropositive metal like zinc.

Electroplate the iron with chromium or tin.

 Pengaratan sebagai satu tindakbalas redok

MENGKAJI KESAN PADA PAKU BESI (Fe ) APABILA IA

BERSENTUHAN DENGAN LOGAM –LOGAM

Kesan logam-logam terhadap pengaratan besi, Fe

• Logam berlainan yang bersentuhan dengan besi dapat

mempercepatkan atau melambatkan pengaratan (kakisan) besi

• Logam lebih elektropositif - Pengaratan Besi dapat dielakkan.

• Logam kurang elektropositif - Pengaratan Besi dicepatkan/berlaku.

 MENCEGAH PENGARATAN BESI
ECS
Menggunakan logam yang lebih electropositif daripada besi,Fe
K
Na
Bila dua logam bersentuhan satu sama lain , Ca
logam yang berada di atas siri elektrokimia Mg
Al
akan kehilangan elektron dan terkakis Zn
Fe
.
Sn
BESI bersentuhan dengan logam LEBIH ELEKTROPOSITIF Pb
Cu
 Pengaratan besi dapat dicegah Hg
Ag
Au
Pengaratan sebagai satu tindakbalas redok

SIRI KEREAKTIFAN LOGAM

K, Na, Ca, Mg, Al, Zn, Fe, Sn, Pb, Cu, Hg, Ag

Lebih elektropositif Kurang elektropositif

Mudah terhakis Sukar terhakis

Semakin elektropositif sesuatu Logam , Semakin mudah logam itu

terkakis /mudah terion.

 Besi bersentuhan dengan magnesium

Magnesium di atas besi dalam siri elektrokimia, akan terion.

Mg(s)  Mg2+ (aq) + 2e- (Pengoksidaan)

magnesium akan kehilangan elektron dan terkakis

Besi terlindung daripada berkarat / terkakis

Besi bersentuhan dengan Kuprum

• Besi berada di atas kuprum dalam siri elektrokimia

• Besi mudah kehilangan elektron dan berkarat

Fe  Fe+2) + 2e (Pengoksidaan)
 Kesan Logam Lain ke Atas pengaratan Besi

Effect of magnesium and copper on corrosion of iron

1. Three iron nails are cleaned with sand paper.

2. One nail is wrapped with magnesium ribbon and

another with copper foil.

3. The three nails are placed in 3 test tubes as shown

in the diagram.

4. Agar agar solution with some potassium hexacyanoferate(III) and

phenolphthalein solution added are poured into each test tube.

5. The apparatus is left for one day.

Note : The function of potassium hexacyanoferate(III) and phenolphthalein

are to detect the presence of Fe2+ and OH- ions respectively.
 Kesan Logam Lain ke Atas pengaratan Besi

Larutan Agar-agar + K3Fe(CN)6 + fenolfalein ECS

K
Na
A B C
Ca
Mg
Al
Zn
Fe
Sn
Pita Mg Fe Kepingan Cu Pb
Cu
Hg
Keamatan warna biru : ………………….. Leave for 1 day Ag
Au
Keamatan warna Pink : …………………..
Inferens : …………………..
 Kesan Logam Lain ke Atas pengaratan Besi

Larutan Agar-agar + K3Fe(CN)6 + fenolfalein ECS

K
Na
A B C
Ca
Mg
Al
Zn
Fe
Sn
Pita Mg Fe Kepingan Cu Pb
Cu
Hg
BLUE Kehadiran ion ferum(II)
…………………………………………………………. , Fe 2+
Ag
Au

PINK Kehadiran ion Hidroksida, OH-

…………………………………………….…………….
 Pengaratan sebagai satu tindakbalas redok

Kesan Logam Lain ke Atas pengaratan Besi – Experimental Result

Keamatan
Logam Keamatan Pengaratan Gelembung
Tabu uji warna merah
pasangan warna biru besi gas
jambu
A Fe sahaja rendah Sedikit - -
B Fe / Mg - Tidak berkarat Tinggi Banyak
C Fe / Cu Tinggi Berkarat sedikit sedikit
 Tabung uji A: Besi bersentuhan dengan magnesium

Magnesium di atas besi dalam siri elektrokimia, akan terion.

Mg(s)  Mg2+ (aq) + 2e- (Pengoksidaan)

Ion Mg2+ tidak bertindakbalas dengan Kalium heksasianoferat (III) –

Tompok biru tidak kelihatan

Elektron yang dibuang oleh Mg diterima oleh oksigen dan air membentuk ion OH-
.

H2O + O2 + 4e → 4OH - (Penurunan)

Tompok merah jambu terbentuk kerana kehadiran ion OH-1

Paku besi tidak berkarat.
 Besi bersentuhan dengan magnesium

Magnesium di atas besi dalam siri elektrokimia, akan terion.

Mg(s)  Mg2+ (aq) + 2e- (Oxidation)

The Mg2+ ions do not react with the potassium hexacyanoferate(III) ions
to form dark blue precipitate.
Water ionizes partially to H+ and OH- ions.
The electrons are accepted by the hydrogen ions to form hydrogen gas.
2H+ + 2e  H2(g) (Reduction)
As the H+ ions are discharged, there is a net increase in OH- ions.

The hydroxide ions then turn phenolphthalein indicator to pink colour.

As magnesium is very electropositive, it ionizes fast, resulting in the
formation of a large quantity of hydroxide ions.
Thus the intensity of the pink colour is high.
Conclusion
When iron is paired with a more electropositive metal, the iron will not corrode or
the rate of rusting decreases.
 Chapter 3 Oxidation And Reduction
Rusting As A Redox Reactions

Explanation - Iron and copper pair

Iron which is more electropositive than copper will ionize.

Each iron atom loses two electrons and is oxidized to iron(II) ion.

Fe(s)  Fe2+ (aq) + 2e- (Oxidation)

The Fe2+ ions will react with the potassium hexacyanoferate(III) reagent to
form dark blue precipitate.

The electrons are accepted by the hydrogen ions to form H2 gas resulting in
a net increase of OH- ions which turn phenolphthalein indicator red.

2H+ + 2e-  H2 (Reduction)

Conclusion
If iron is paired with a less electropositive metal like copper, its rate of
corrosion increases.

ITeach – Chemistry Form 5

 Chapter 3 Oxidation And Reduction
Rusting As A Redox Reactions

Application

In underground iron or steel The steel in ships are prevented

pipes, blocks of magnesium are from corrosion by strapping
buried close to it and connected blocks of zinc metal to the ship
to the pipe by wire. When the Mg hull. The Zn which is more
metal is used up it is replaced. electropositive will corrode first.

Zink
blocks

ITeach – Chemistry Form 5

 Chapter 3 Oxidation And
Reduction

3.3 Reactivity Series Of Metals And Its

Applications

ITeach – Chemistry Form 5

 Chapter 3 Oxidation And Reduction
Reactivity Series Of Metals And Its Applications

Reactivity series of metals

Metals show different reactivity. For example,

Potassium is so reactive that it even reacts with cold water.

Gold coins retrieved from sunken ships are so unreactive that they do not
corrode even after being buried for hundreds of years under the sea.

ITeach – Chemistry Form 5

 Chapter 3 Oxidation And Reduction
Reactivity Series Of Metals And Its Applications

Comparing the reactivity of metals

We can compare the reactivity of metals by burning them in oxygen and

observing the vigour of the reactions.

The metal powders are heated strongly

first followed by heating of the
potassium permanganate.

When heated, KMnO4 decomposes to

oxygen gas which then reacts with the
hot metal powders.

The function of the glass wool is to

prevent the KMnO4 powder from mixing
with the hot metal powders.

ITeach – Chemistry Form 5

 Chapter 3 Oxidation And Reduction
Reactivity Series Of Metals And Its Applications

Comparing the reactivity of metals – Experimental result and conclusion

Colour of metal oxide when.

Metals Observation Inference
Hot Cold
Burns very
Magnesium White White Very Reactive
brightly

Copper Glows dimly Black Black Least reactive

Zinc Burns brightly Yellow White Reactive

Less reactive
Lead Glows brightly Brown Yellow
than zinc
Conclusion
The reactivity of metals decreases from Mg, Zn, Pb, Cu
ITeach – Chemistry Form 5
 Chapter 3 Oxidation And Reduction
Reactivity Series Of Metals And Its Applications

Carbon and hydrogen in the reactivity series of metals

Carbon is less reactive than magnesium and aluminium.

Thus carbon cannot reduce aluminium oxide.

Carbon dioxide is used in fire extinguishers. However

this type of fire extinguisher cannot put off fires of
reactive metals like magnesium.

Magnesium which is more reactive can remove

oxygen from CO2 and continue to burn.
2Mg(s) + CO2(g)  2MgO(s) + C(s)

Hydrogen is below Zn
Thus the metals above hydrogen can remove oxygen
from steam forming hydrogen gas.

Example
Zn + H2O (g)  ZnO + H2 (g)
Mg can also reduce steam.

ITeach – Chemistry Form 5

 Chapter 3 Oxidation And Reduction
Reactivity Series Of Metals And Its Applications

Extraction of tin

Tin is extracted from its metal

oxide (ore) by reducing it in a blast
furnace.

The tin ore, coke (carbon), and

limestone are mixed and loaded
into the furnace.

The mixture is heated by blowing

hot air from the base.

ITeach – Chemistry Form 5

 Chapter 3 Oxidation And Reduction
Reactivity Series Of Metals And Its Applications

Extraction of tin - Explanation

Stage Explanation
Carbon reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide.
C(s) + O2(g)  CO2(g)
1 Carbon dioxide is also formed when limestone decomposes on
heating.
CaCO3(s)  CaO(s) + CO2(g)

CO2 gas rises up the furnace and reacts with more carbon to
2 form carbon monoxide.
CO2(g) + C(s)  2CO(g)

The carbon monoxide reduces tin(II) oxide to tin.

SnO(s) + CO(g)  Sn(l) + CO2(g)
3
The molten tin which is heavy will settle to the bottom of the
furnace and is removed.

The calcium oxide reacts with sand (SiO2) to form molten slag
4 which floats on top of the molten tin. It is used to build road.
CaO(s) + SiO2(s)  CaSiO3(l) (slag)

ITeach – Chemistry Form 5 Past Year Question

 Chapter 3 Oxidation And
Reduction

3.4 Redox Reactions In Electrolytic And

Chemical Cells

ITeach – Chemistry Form 5

 Chapter 3 Oxidation And Reduction
Redox Reactions In Electrolytic And Chemical Cells

Redox reaction in chemical cell

Basic Principle

When two metals of different electropositivity

are immersed in an electrolyte, a simple
chemical cell is formed.

The diagram shows a Daniell cell formed by

joining zinc and copper electrodes.

ITeach – Chemistry Form 5

 Chapter 3 Oxidation And Reduction
Redox Reactions In Electrolytic And Chemical Cells

Redox reaction in chemical cell

Zinc Electrode

Zinc is more electropositive than copper.

Thus zinc will ionize.

Each zinc atom loses two electrons and forms a zinc ion.
Zn(s)  Zn2+ (aq) + 2e- (Oxidation)

The zinc electrode acts as negative terminal of the cell.

The electrons flow from the zinc electrode to the copper electrode along the
wire.

ITeach – Chemistry Form 5

 Chapter 3 Oxidation And Reduction
Redox Reactions In Electrolytic And Chemical Cells

Redox reaction in chemical cell

Copper Electrode

The copper(II) ions in the solution will accept the electrons and be reduced to
copper atoms.
Cu2+ (aq) + 2e-  Cu(s) (Reduction)

As the copper(II) ions are reduced to copper atoms, the concentration of Cu2+
in the solution decreases.

Thus the intensity of the blue colour of the copper(II) sulphate solution
decreases.

Conclusion

Reduction and Oxidation (REDOX) reaction takes place in a chemical cell.

ITeach – Chemistry Form 5 Past Year Question

 Chapter 3 Oxidation And Reduction
Redox Reactions In Electrolytic And Chemical Cells

Electrolysis of molten sodium chloride using carbon electrodes

When heated to 801oC, the solid sodium chloride

melts.
NaCl(s)  Na+ (l) + Cl- (l)

When molten, the sodium ions and chloride ions can

move freely.

Anode Cl- (l)  Cl + e-

2Cl- (l)  Cl2 + 2e- (Oxidation)

The chloride ions move to the anode and discharge by losing an electron each.

Greenish yellow chlorine gas evolves at the anode.

Cathode Na+ (l) + e-  Na(s) (Reduction)

The sodium ions move to the cathode and discharge by accepting one electron
each.
Sodium metal forms at the cathode.
ITeach – Chemistry Form 5
 Chapter 3 Oxidation And Reduction
Redox Reactions In Electrolytic And Chemical Cells

Electrolysis of copper(II) sulphate solution using copper electrodes

Anode

The copper anode ionizes. The mass of anode decreases.

Cu(s)  Cu2+(aq) + 2e- (Oxidation)

Cathode

Copper metal is deposited on the cathode. Thus the mass of cathode increases.

Cu2+ (aq) + 2e-  Cu (s) (Reduction)

Note
Oxidation reaction occurs at the anode and reduction occurs at the cathode
during electrolysis. The intensity of the blue colour of copper (II) sulphate
solution remains the same.
ITeach – Chemistry Form 5 Past Year Question
The End

i - Teach