Chapter 1 Functions

Learning Outcomes:

At the end of this lesson, students should be able to

represent a relation using

( a ) arrow diagrams,

( b ) ordered pairs

( c ) graphs
1.1 Relations
A represents the set of races in Malaysia
B represents the set of festivals in Malaysia

A = { Malay, Chinese, Indian }

B = { Hari Raya Aidilfitri, Chinese New Year, Deepavali}

A B The elements of set A are

associated with the elements
of set B as depicted by
diagram shown on the left.

This association
between A and B is
called a relation from A
to B
 1.1 Relations
A represents the set of races in Malaysia
B represents the set of festivals in Malaysia

A = { Malay, Chinese, Indian }

B = { Hari Raya Aidilfitri, Chinese New Year, Deepavali}

B
A Celebrating Festivals

Chinese New
Malay Year

Chinese Hari Raya Aidilfitri

Indian Deepavali
1.1.1 Representing a Relation

If set P is the set of students in Form 4 Newton and set Q is their

favourite sports.

P={ }

Q={ }
The relation between set P and set Q is favourite sports. This relation can also be represent by usin
g

( a ) Arrow diagram
P Q
Favourite Sports
( b ) Ordered pairs

{( Faouzi,Netball),( }

( c ) Graphs
Set Q

Netball
Set P
Fauzi
Given that set P ={8, 10, 14} and set Q={4, 5, 7}. The relation
from set P to set Q is a factor of. Represent the above relation by
using
( a) an arrow diagram
( b) graphs
( c) ordered pairs

( a ) Arrow diagram

factor of Q
P
8 4

10 5

14 7
( b ) Graphs

Set Q

7
5
4
Set P
8 10 14

( b ) Ordered pairs

{ （ 8, 4 ), (10, 5 ) , (14, 7 ) }
1.1.2 Identifying the Domain, Codomain,Object, Image and R
ange of a Relation

Learning Outcomes:

At the end of this lesson, students should be able to

( a ) identify domain, codomain, object, image and range of

a relation.
 The arrow diagram below shows a relation one quarter of
from set M to set N
N
M One quarter of

8 2
12 3
20 5
24 6
36 7

Domain= { 8, 12, 20, 24, 36 } Object = 8, 12, 20, 24

Codomain= { 2, 3, 5, 6, 7 }
Image = 2, 3, 5, 6
Range = { 2, 3, 5, 6 }
 Given that set R={ 2, 3, 4, 5} and set S={4, 7,9, 16, 25}. The relation is
square of from set R to set S
N
M
square of
2 4
3 7
4 9
5 16
25

Domain= { 8, 12, 20, 24, 36 }

The image of 3 = 9
Codomain= { 2, 3, 5, 6, 7 }
Range = { 4, 9, 16,
The object which has 16 as its image = 4 25 }
1.1.3 Classifying Relation

Learning Outcomes:

At the end of this lesson, students should be able to

( a ) classify relations into one to one, many to one, one

to many and many to many relation.
State the type of relations for following arrow diagram
(a) Multiple of
(b) Examination
Kadir
3 9 Nabil PMR
4 12 Siu Lin
5 15 Muthu
SPM

6 18
many to one
One to one

(d) Factor of
(c) Factor of
4 2
4
64 3
6 6
4
8 8
24

One to many Many to many

State the type of relations for following ordered pairs

(a) { (3, 6), (3,9), (4,8),(5, 10)}

(b) {(Ahmad,Science), (Brian, Science),(Chandran, Mathematics)}

(c ) { ( a, 3), (b, 5),(b, 6), (c, 8) ｝

(d) Set B

8
6
4
2
Set A
3 5 9 12
1.2 Functions

Learning Outcomes:

At the end of this lesson, students should be able to

recognise function as a special relation.
1.2 Functions As a Special Relation

Function is a relation in which every element in the domain h

as a unique image in the codomain.

p Q
A Multipler of B
Factor of
3 9 2
12 4
4
5 15 3
6 18 6

This relation is a function because This relation is not a function

every object has only one image because object 6 has two image
 A B R S
One third of
Factor of
3 1 2
2 6
6
3 3
9 4 8

This relation is not a function becaus This relation is not a function

e not every element in the codomain because object 6 has two image
has to be related.

Set D
(d)
This relation is not a function
8 because object 5 has two
6 image
4
2
3 5 9 Set C
12
Exercise 1.1.3 Page 5

1. ( a), ( b ) , ( c ) , ( d )

2. ( a ) , ( b )

Skill Practice 1.1 Page 6

1 ( a) (b) ( c )

2 ( a) (b)

3 ( a) (b) (c)

4 ( a) (b) (c) (d)

1.2.2 Expressing Function Using Function Notation

Learning Outcomes:

At the end of this lesson, students should be able to

express functions using function notations.

A function f from set A to set B is denoted by f : A  B

This mean that all the elements in set A are mapped into
set B by function f.

The function f which maps x to 2 x  3 is written as :

f :x  2 x  3 or f ( x)  2 x  3

A function can be represented by lower-case alphabet

such as f , g h and others
f : x  2x is read as “function f maps x to 2x”,

f ( x)  2 x is read as “ 2x is the image of x under the

function f”,

or f of x is equal to 2x.
Write the functions below by using function notation.

Let the function be

g.
Square root The notation is:
4 2 g:x  ｘ or g ( x)  x
9 3
16 4
x g
x
4 2
9 3
16 4
Write the functions below by using function notation.
(a) (b) Marks
Half of
2 1 Science 82
4 2 History 75
8 4 68
English

( c) Price of tickets
f
Child RM3 (d) 1
4 4
Adult RM7 1
RM4 8 15
Senior
1
citizen 15
8
1.2.3 Determine Domain, codomain, object image and ran
ge of a Function

The arrow diagram shows the function f : x  3x  1

x f
3x  1
1
4 4
1
8 15
1
15
8

Domain codomain
1. Given that f ( x)  3 x  1 ， find the value of f(0), f(3)
and f(10)

f ( x)  3x  1
f (0)  3(0)  1
x f
3x  1
 1 0 1
3 29
f (3)  3(3)  1 10 8
8

f (10)  3(10)  1
 29
1. Given that f ( x)  7 cos x ， find the value of x=0 and
0
x=60

f ( x)  7 cos x
x f
3x  1
f (0)  7 cos (0)
 7(1) 0 7
7 3.5
600
f (600 )  7 cos(600 )
1
 7 
2
 3.5
2. Given that h( x )  1  3 x ， find the value of h(-3) an
d h(5)

h( x )  1  3 x
h(3)  1  3(3)
x 1-3x
h

 10 -3 10

5 14
h(5)  1  3(5)
 14

14
3. Given that f ( x)  3 x  4 ， find the value if

(b) f ( x)   10
(a) f ( x)  11
f ( x)  10
3f x( x)4 11
3 x   10  4
3x  11  4
3x   6
3x  15 x  2
x 5 x 3x  4
f

5 11

-2 10
Exercise 1.2.4 ( page 10)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6

Skill practice 1.2 (page 10)

1. 2. 4. 5. 7 8

19-1-2009
 Composite Functions

Given that f ( x)  x  3 and g ( x)  2 x  1, find

(a ) fg
fg  f [ g ( x)]

f [ g ( x)]  g (xx)  3
f(2gx(x1)])  2 x  1  3
 2x  4
 Composite Functions

Given that f ( x)  x  3 and g ( x)  2 x  1, find

(a) gf
gf  g[ f ( x)]
g [ f ( x )]  2 x  1
)]  2
g([xf ( x3) x
( x  3) 1
2x  7
 Composite Functions

Given that f ( x)  x  3 and g ( x)  2 x  1, find

(a) f 2 (b) f 4
2 2
f  f f
2
f 
4
f f
 f [ f ( x)]  f [ f ( x)]
2 2

 f ( x  3)  f 2( x  6)
 xx 3  3  xx 6  6
2 4
f  x6 f  x  12
 Given that f ( x)  2 x and g ( x)  3  2 x, find

(a ) fg (2) (b) gf (2)

fg ( x)  f [ g ( x)] gf ( x)  g[ f ( x)]
 f (3  2 x)  g (2 x)
 2 (3x  2x)
 3  2(2 x)
fg ( x)  6  4x gf ( x)  3  4x
fg (2)  6  4(2) gf (2)  3  4(2)
 2  11
 Determine one of the Functions when the Composite
Function and Other Function are Given

A function f is defined by . Find the function g

f : x  x 1
in each of the following

(a) fg : x  2 x  3
2 (b) gf :  x 2  3x  5

g[ f ( x)] x  3 x  5
2

f [ g ( x)]  2 x 2  3
Let y  x  1
g (xx)  1  2x2  3 x  y 1
g ( y )  ( y  1) 2  3( y  1)  5
g ( x)  2x  2
2
g ( y)  y 2  2 y  1  3 y  3  5
g ( y)  y 2  y  3
g ( x)  x 2  x  3
 Exercise 1.3.2 ( Page14) 3-1-09 to 6-1-09

(1) Given that f ( x)  x  3 and g ( x)  3x  1, find

(a) Find the composite functions fg and gf fg  3x  2
gf  3x  8
(b) What are the value of fg(2), gf(-3) and gf(- 8 1  7
5)

(2) Given that f ( x)  4 x  5, find f 2  16 x  20

The composite function f 2, Hence, find

1
(a ) f   and f 2 ( 2)
2
(b) value of x which f 2 ( x )  9
2
12 11
28 
16
 Exercise 3-1-09 to 6-1-09

(1) if f : x  x  1, find the function g such that

fg : x  x  2 x  4
2
g ( x)  x 2  2 x  5

(2) if f : x  x  5, find the function g such that

2

gf : x  2 x 2  9 g ( x)  2 x  1