Lecture Notes

D.C.
Generators
•A Generator is a machine that converts input mechanical energy

(rotational ) to output electrical energy.
•It works on the principle of faradays laws of electro magnetic induction.
•Faradays first law : It is the basic law which states the principle of D.C
Generator.
“ When ever a conductor cuts magnetic lines of force induced emf is

produced in the conductor”
• Faradays’ second law: This law gives the magnitude of emf induced in the
conductor.
• It states that the magnitude of induced emf is directly proportional to rate of

change of flux linkages.
•
• The direction of induced emf is given by Flemings right hand rule :
• Hold your fore finger, middle finger and thumb of right hand perpendicular
to each other .
• If thumb points direction of rotation of conductor , fore finger direction of
magnetic field , then middle finger points direction of induced emf.
•The Thumb represents the direction of Motion of the conductor.
•The First finger (four finger) represents direction of magnetic field

•
• The Second finger (Middle finger) represents direction of induced
emf.
• The nature of induced emf is given by lenzs’ law:
• The direction of induced E.M.F in a coil (conductor) is such

that it opposes the cause of producing it.
• The following are the basic requirements to be satisfied for

generation of E.M.F
• 1.A uniform Magnetic field
• 2.A System of conductors
• 3.Relative motion between the magnetic field and conductors

Constructional Details Of DC Machine
 Yoke:
 Rotor:
 Stator:
 Field electromagnets:
 Pole core and pole shoe:
 Brushes:
 Shaft:
 Armature:
 Coil:
 Commutator:
 Bearings:
• Cross section view of dc machine
Practical Dc Machine
• 1)Yoke:-
• - Acts as frame of the machine
• - Mechanical support
• - low reluctance for magnetic flux
• - High Permeability
• -- For Small machines -- Cast iron—low cost
• -- For Large Machines -- Cast Steel (Rolled steel)
• YOKE OF LARGE MACHINE
• Yoke of a small dc machine
• 2)Field Magnets:-
• a) Pole core (Pole body)
:- --Carry the field coils
•
--Rectangle Cross sections
•
-- Laminated to reduce heat losses
•
--Fitted to yoke through bolts
• Pole shoe:- Acts as support to field poles and spreads
out flux in the air gap
• Pole core & Pole shoe are laminated of annealed steel
(Of thickness of 1mm to 0.25 mm)

• 2)Field Magnets:-
• To produce magnetic field. It consists of a rectangular
coil of copper mounted on the pole shoe. The coil is
excited when dc current is passed through it and
produces magnetic flux.
• 3)Armature core: It acts as an housing for armature
conductors. The conductors are placed in the slots
punched on the outer periphery.
• It is cylindrical in shape and made up of cast iron.
• It is laminated into thin sheets to reduce iron losses.
• Armature Winding:-
• It is the part which when rotated in magnetic field
when placed in armature core and rotated by the
prime mover . When these armature conductors cut
the magnetic flux produced by the poles emf is
induced in it.
• These winding made of Copper (or) Aluminum and

• are insulated each other
• Commutator:--The output of dc generator is
alternating in nature.
• To convert this alternating emf to unidirectional emf
commutator is required.
• It consists of hard drawn copper bars segments
insulated from each other by mica segments
(insulation)
• It is present armature & External circuit and
acts like Rectifier to convert AC to DC
• It is wedge shaped with no of commutator segments
equal to no of armature conductors.
• Each commutator segment is connected to one
armature conductor.
•
• Brushes and brush gear:-To collect the current from
commutator segments and supply to load brushes are
used. They are made up of Carbon, Carbon graphite,
copper.
• Since the brushes slide on commutator segments there

is frequent wear and tear and are frequently replaced.
• Bearings:- To reduce friction between rotating parts ie

prime mover and generator bearings are used.
• Generally ball bearings are used.

Rotor of a dc machine
Cutaway view of a dc machine
• Armature Winding: These are the conductors where
induced emf is produced . They are made up of pure
copper.
• In order to obtain rated voltage and current ratings
they are divided into two types:
• Lap winding and Wave winding.
• For high current and low voltage requirement lap
winding is used
and
• For high voltage and low current applications wave
winding is used.
• Lap Winding:
 are used in machines designed for low voltage and high current
 armatures are constructed with large wire because of high current
 Eg: - are used is in the starter motor of almost all automobiles
 The windings of a lap wound armature are connected in parallel. This

permits the current capacity of each winding to be added and provides a
higher operating current.
 No of parallel path, A=P ; P = no. of poles

Wave winding:
 are used in machines designed for high voltage and low current
 their windings connected in series
 When the windings are connected in series, the voltage of each winding
adds, but the current capacity remains the same
 are used is in the small generator.
 No of parallel path, A=2,

• Generated EMF or EMF Equation of a generator
• Let  = flux/pole in Weber

• Z =Total number of armature conductors
• =No. of slot × No. of conductors/slot
• P= No. of generator poles
• A =No. of parallel paths in armature
• N= Armature rotation in revolutions per minute (r. p. m)
• E= e.m.f induced in any parallel path in armature

• Generated
• e.m.f Eg= e.m.f generated in any one of the parallel

• paths i.e E
• Average e.m.f generated/conductor = d  volt

• dt
No. of revolutions/sec=N/ 60
Time for one revolution , dt= 60 /N sec
According to Faraday’s Law of electro magnetic
induction
E.M.F generated/conductor = d= PN volts
dt 60
No. of conductors (in series) in one parallel path=
Z/A
E.M.F generated/path=  PN × Z Volts
60 A
Generate E.M.F, Eg= Z N × P Volts
60 A
For
i) Wave winding A = 2
ii) Lap winding A = P

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D.C.

•A Generator is a machine that converts input mechanical energy

•It works on the principle of faradays laws of electro magnetic induction.

“ When ever a conductor cuts magnetic lines of force induced emf is

• It states that the magnitude of induced emf is directly proportional to rate of

•The First finger (four finger) represents direction of magnetic field

• The direction of induced E.M.F in a coil (conductor) is such

• The following are the basic requirements to be satisfied for

• 1.A uniform Magnetic field

• 2.A System of conductors

• 3.Relative motion between the magnetic field and conductors

• Pole core & Pole shoe are laminated of annealed steel

(Of thickness of 1mm to 0.25 mm)

• These winding made of Copper (or) Aluminum and

• Since the brushes slide on commutator segments there

• Bearings:- To reduce friction between rotating parts ie

• Generally ball bearings are used.

 Eg: - are used is in the starter motor of almost all automobiles

 The windings of a lap wound armature are connected in parallel. This

 No of parallel path, A=P ; P = no. of poles

 their windings connected in series

 No of parallel path, A=2,

• Let  = flux/pole in Weber

• P= No. of generator poles

• A =No. of parallel paths in armature

• N= Armature rotation in revolutions per minute (r. p. m)

• E= e.m.f induced in any parallel path in armature

• e.m.f Eg= e.m.f generated in any one of the parallel

• Average e.m.f generated/conductor = d  volt

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