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DC Machines Module 5

The document discusses losses in a DC generator, including copper losses from various windings, magnetic losses from hysteresis and eddy currents, and mechanical losses from friction. It provides formulas for calculating efficiency based on input power, output power, and losses. Sample problems demonstrate calculations for determining voltage, current, efficiency and other parameters.

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Joshua Roberto Gruta
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167 views12 pages

DC Machines Module 5

The document discusses losses in a DC generator, including copper losses from various windings, magnetic losses from hysteresis and eddy currents, and mechanical losses from friction. It provides formulas for calculating efficiency based on input power, output power, and losses. Sample problems demonstrate calculations for determining voltage, current, efficiency and other parameters.

Uploaded by

Joshua Roberto Gruta
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Module 5

DC Generator Losses

Engr. Gerard Ang


School of EECE
Total Losses in a DC Generator
The following are the total losses in a DC generator:
1. Copper Losses
a. Armature copper loss
b. Shunt field copper loss
c. Brush contact copper loss
d. Series field copper loss

2. Magnetic Losses (Iron or Core Losses)


a. Hysteresis loss – this is due to the magnetic heating of the
armature.
b. Eddy Current loss – this loss is due to the flow of eddy
currents in the body of the armature

3. Mechanical Losses
a. Friction loss
b. Air friction loss
Total Losses in a DC Generator

 Stray losses or Stray Power Losses – these are


the magnetic losses plus the mechanical losses.
These are also called as rotational losses.

 Constant or Standing Loss – these are the stray


losses plus the shunt field copper loss.

Total Losses = Variable Losses + Constant Losses


Generator Power Stages

A B C

Electrical
Mechanical Electrical
Power
Power Input Power
Iron and Generated Copper
= Output of Friction
Output
Losses in the Losses
Prime = V IL
Armature
Mover
= E g Ia
Generator Efficiencies
 Mechanical Efficiency

𝑩 𝑬𝒈 × 𝑰𝒂
𝜼𝒎 = =
𝑨 𝑶𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝑷𝒓𝒊𝒎𝒆 𝑴𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒓

 Electrical Efficiency
𝑪 𝑽 × 𝑰𝑳
𝜼𝒆 = =
𝑩 𝑬𝒈 × 𝑰𝒂

 Over-all or Commercial Efficiency


𝑪 𝑽 × 𝑰𝑳
𝜼𝒄 = = 𝜼𝒄 = 𝜼𝒎 × 𝜼𝒆
𝑨 𝑶𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝑷𝒓𝒊𝒎𝒆 𝑴𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒓
Condition for Maximum
Efficiency
 Condition for Maximum Efficiency

Variable Losses = Constant Losses

𝑰 𝒂 𝟐 𝑹𝒂 = 𝑾 𝑪

 Load Current at Maximum Efficiency

𝑾𝑪
𝑰𝑳 =
𝑹𝒂
Iron Losses in Armature
 Hysteresis Loss – this loss is due to the reversal of
magnetization of the armature core.

𝑾𝒉 = 𝒌𝒉 𝒇𝑽𝑩𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝟏.𝟔  Steinmetz Formula

 Eddy Current Loss – this loss is due to the flow of eddy


currents in the body of the armature core. The core is
laminated to reduced eddy current loss.
Where:
Wh = hysteresis loss in watts
𝑾𝒆 = 𝒌𝒆 𝒇𝟐 𝒕𝟐 𝑽𝟐 𝑩𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝟐 We = eddy current loss in watts
f = frequency of magnetic reversals in Hz
t = thickness of each lamination
V = volume of the core in m^3
Bmax = maximum flux density in Tesla
kh = Steinmetz hysteresis coefficient
ke = eddy current coefficient
Iron Losses in Armature
For a given dc machine, Z, P and a are constants,

𝑾𝒉 = 𝑨𝒇 = 𝑨𝑵 𝑾𝒆 = 𝑩𝒇𝟐 = 𝑩𝑵𝟐

Where:
A and B = constants of proportionality
N = speed of armature
Sample Problems
1. A 10-kW, 250-V, dc, 6-pole shunt generator runs at 1000
rpm when delivering full-load. The armature has 534 lap-
connected conductors. Full load Cu loss is 0.64 kW. The
total brush drop is 1 volt. Determine the flux per pole.
Neglect shunt current.

2. A shunt generator delivers 195 A at terminal voltage of


250 V. The armature resistance and shunt field resistance
are 0.02 Ω and 50 Ω respectively. The iron and friction
losses equal 950 W. Find (a) EMF generated (b) Cu
losses (c) output of the prime mover (d) commercial,
mechanical and electrical efficiencies.
3.
Sample Problems
3. A shunt generator has a FL current of 196 A at 220 V. The
stray losses are 720 W and the shunt field coil resistance
is 55 Ω. If it has a full-load efficiency of 88%, find the
armature resistance. Find also the maximum efficiency of
the generator

4. A long shunt dynamo running at 1000 rpm supplies 22 kW


at a terminal voltage of 220 V. The resistances of
armature, shunt field and the series field are 0.05 Ω, 110 Ω
and 0.06 Ω respectively. The over-all efficiency at the
above load is 88%. Find (a) Cu loss (b) Iron and friction
losses.
•
Sample Problems
5. A 4-pole dc generator is delivering 20 A to a load of 10 Ω.
If the armature resistance is 0.5 Ω and the shunt field
resistance is 50 Ω, calculate the induced emf and the
efficiency of the machine. Allow a drop of 1 V per brush.

6. A long shunt compound-wound generator gives 240 volts


at full-load output of 100 A. The resistances of various
windings of the machine are: armature (including brush
contact) = 0.1 Ω, series field = 0.02 Ω, interpole field =
0.025 Ω, shunt field (including regulating resistance) =
100 Ω. The iron loss at full-load is 1000 W; windage and
friction losses total 500 W. Calculate full-load efficiency of
the machine.
Sample Problems
7. The hysteresis and eddy current losses in a dc machine
running at 1000 rpm are 250 W and 100 W respectively. If
the flux remains constant, at what speed will the total iron
losses be halved?

8. In a dc machine the total iron loss is 8 kW at its rated


speed and excitation. If excitation remains the same, but
speed is reduced by 25%, the total iron loss is found to be
5 kW. Calculate the hysteresis and eddy current losses at
(a) full speed (b) half the rated speed.

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