ORAL COMMUNICATION

SLEF HS ABM 11
1st Semester
COMMUNICATION MODELS
Model
– may be an illustration, picture, or
graphical representation of an
object, process, or event.
COMMUNICATION MODELS
1. Linear model
2. Interactive model
3. Transactional model
LINEAR MODEL
The communication being put out happens in a straight line, coming from a
sender to a receiver.

In this model, each component plays its own role:

1. The sender prepares the message.
2. The message is encoded, or converted, to fit the channel being used.
3. The message is the information being conveyed.
4. Various channels (email, radio, television, etc.) deliver the message.
5. The receiver decodes and reviews the message.
CRITICISMS OF LINEAR MODEL
1. The model assumes that communication has a
particular beginning and an end, so it is not
continuous.
2. There is no concept of feedback which makes it
inapplicable to direct human communication and
only applicable to mass communication like
newspaper, television, etc. There is no way to know if
the communication was effective or not.
CRITICISMS OF LINEAR MODEL
3. Human communication is mostly circular rather than
linear as audience is also an active participant.

4. Communication may not happen in turns and more

than one message can be sent at the same time.
CRITICISMS OF LINEAR MODEL
5. The sender must have the ability to encode and the
receiver must have the ability to decode.

6. The model has become less relevant to electronic

communication and internet where it’s not clear who
is the sender and who is the receiver.
INTERACTIVE MODEL
• Also known as the convergence model, is all about give and take.
• It relies on an exchange of communication from the sender to the receiver
and from the receiver to the sender and back again.
• The interactive model allows for feedback, something that's absent in the
linear model.
INTERACTIVE MODEL
The interactive model requires several components to be
successful:

1. Two sources: The originator of the message and the recipient of

the message are both sources. Both parties are able to send and
receive messages or feedback from the other.

2. The message: The information being exchanged.

INTERACTIVE MODEL
3. Feedback: Feedback takes place after the first
message has been received, and is returned to
the originating source.

The presence of feedback is the primary

difference between the linear model and the
interactive model.
INTERACTIVE MODEL
4. Field of experience: The field of experience is all of the
knowledge, behaviors, beliefs, situations, psychological
factors, etc., that not only impacts the content of the
message, but also the way it's interpreted.
CRITICISMS OF INTERACTIVE MODEL
1. Feedback is not simultaneous and can take a long
time as this model is mostly used for internet.

2. Communication is not taken as dynamic. It predicts

communication to follow the same pattern always.
TRANSACTIONAL MODEL
•the exchange of messages between sender and
receiver where each take turns to send or receive
messages.
•both sender and receiver are known
as communicators and their role reverses each time
in the communication process as both processes of
sending and receiving occurs at the same time.
TRANSACTIONAL MODEL
•the elements in communication are
interdependent. Each person in the
communication act is both a speaker and a
listener, and can be simultaneously sending
and receiving messages
TRANSACTIONAL MODEL
•“Transactional” means that communication
is an ongoing and continuously changing
process. You are changing, the people with
whom you are communicating are changing,
and your environment is also continually
changing as well.
CRITICISMS OF TRANSACTIONAL MODEL
1. Without verbal response, the sender can not be
sure that the receiver got the message as
intended. Feedback is an important component
in the communication process, especially in
interpersonal communication as it gives a space
to clarify misunderstandings.
CRITICISMS OF TRANSACTIONAL MODEL
2. The transactional model gives the opportunity
for a lot of noise because the communication is
simultaneous. For example, when many people
are talking at the same time in a meeting, the
objective of the meeting will not be fulfilled.
Models of Communication
1. Aristotle’s Model of Communication (before 300 BC)

SPEAKER SPEECH AUDIENCE EFFECT

OCCASION
1. Aristotle’s Model of Communication (before 300 BC)
• Aristotle(384-322 B.C) was a Greek philosopher and writer
born in Stagira, Northern Greece.
• He was also the teacher of Alexander the Great. He studied
physics, logic, mathematics, etc.
• This is considered as the first model of communication and
was proposed before 300 B.C. It is also the is most widely
accepted among all communication models.
1. Aristotle’s Model of Communication (before 300 BC)
• Mainly focused on speaker and speech. It can be broadly divided into 5
primary elements: Speaker, Speech, Occasion, Audience and Effect.
• Speaker centered model as the speaker has the most important role in it
and is the only one active. It is the speaker’s role to deliver a speech to
the audience. The role of the audience is passive, influenced by the
speech. This makes the communication process one way, from speaker
to receiver.
• The speaker must organize the speech beforehand, according to the
target audience and situation (occasion). The speech must be prepared
so that the audience be persuaded or influenced from the speech.
1. Aristotle’s Model of Communication (before 300 BC)
• He believed “Rhetoric” is the study of communication and
persuasion and different message or speech should be made for
different audiences at different situations to get desired effects or
to establish a propaganda.
• This model was highly used to develop public speaking skills and
create a propaganda at that time so, it is less focused on
intrapersonal or interpersonal communication.
• Even if the model is speaker oriented and focuses on audience
interaction in communication, there is no concept of feedbacks.
Critical Elements of a Good Communicator
1. Ethos
• Makes you credible in front of the audience.
• If there is no credibility, the audience will not believe in you and will
not be persuaded by you.
• Expertise and positions also give credibility to a person.
Example:
The mass will not listen to the promises of a corrupt politician, but if
a politician is known for his good deeds, there’s a high change his
speech will be heard.
Critical Elements of a Good Communicator
2. Pathos
• If what you say matters to them and they can connect with it, then they
will be more interested and they will think you are more credible.
• Emotional bonds will make the audience captivated and they feel the
speaker is one of their own people.
• For instance, if people of a village needs water and the politician tells
them that he will help in building roads, the people will not get
influenced but might be more influenced if he says he’ll build a dam for
drinking water and irrigation.
Critical Elements of a Good Communicator
3. Logos
• Logos is logic.
• People believe in you only if they understand what you are
trying to say.
• If there is no logic behind the speaker’s work or time, they
do not want to get involved.
• You must present facts to the audience for them to believe
in you.
Models of Communication
2. Laswell’s Model (1948)

WHO SAYS IN WHICH TO WHOM WITH WHAT

WHAT CHANNEL EFFECT
+ + + +
Communicator Message Medium Audience Impact
2. Laswell’s Model (1948)
• developed by communication theorist Harold D. Lasswell (1902-
1978) in 1948.
• regarded as one the most influential communication models.
• Lasswell’s communication model has 5 components which is used
as an analysis tool for evaluating the communication process and
components.
• The components are the questions to be asked to get the answers
and keep communication going.
2. Laswell’s Model (1948)
• Lasswell’s model was developed to analyze mass communication,
this model is used for interpersonal communication or group
communication to be disseminated message to various groups in
various situations.
• Lasswell’s model was developed to study the media propaganda of countries
and businesses at that time.
• Only rich people used to have communication mediums such as televisions
and radios back then.
• It was made to show the mass media culture.
Models of Communication
3. Shannon and Weaver Model (1949)

Sent Received
Message Signal Signal Message
INFORMATION TRANSMITTER RECEIVER DESTINATION
SOURCE

NOISE
SOURCE
3. Shannon and Weaver Model (1949)
• Created in 1948 when Claude Elwood Shannon wrote an article “A
Mathematical Theory of Communication” in Bell System Technical
Journal with Warren Weaver.
• Shannon was an American mathematician whereas Weaver was a scientist.
• The Mathematical theory later came to be known as Shannon Weaver model
of communication or “mother of all models.”
• This model is more technological than other linear models.
3. Shannon and Weaver Model (1949)
• The sender encodes the message and sends it to the receiver through a
technological channel like telephone and telegraph.
• The sender converts the message into codes understandable to the machine.
The message is sent in codes through a medium.
• The receiver has to decode the message before understanding it and
interpreting it.
• The receptor machine can also act as a decoder in some cases.
• The channel can have noise and the receiver might not have the capacity to
decode which might cause problems in communication process.
3. Shannon and Weaver Model (1949)
• Here, for instance, brain might be the sender, mouth might be
the encoder which encodes to a particular language, air might be the
channel, another person’s ear might be the receptor and his brain might be
the decoder and receiver.
• Similarly, air is the channel here, the noise present in his environment that
disturbs them is the noise whereas his response is the feedback.
• There were only 5 components when the model was made. Noise was added
later.
Levels of Communication Problems
1. Technical problem – How a channel causes a problem
2. Semantic problem – Is the meaning of message sent and received very
different
3. Effectiveness problem – How effectively does the message cause reaction
Models of Communication
4. Schramm: Model 1 (1954)

SENDER Encode SIGNAL Decode RECEIVE

Sender’s field of Receiver’s field of

experience experience
4. Schramm: Model 1 (1954)
• Wilber Schramm proposed the model of communication in 1954.
• Schramm believed that an individual’s knowledge, experience and cultural
background also play an important role in communication. Individuals from
diverse cultures, religion or background tend to interpret the message in
different ways.
• Information is of no use unless and until it is carefully put into words and
conveyed to others.
4. Schramm: Model 1 (1954)
• Encoding plays a very important role because it initiates the process of
communication by converting the thought into content.
• When the information reaches the recipient his prime responsibility is to
understand what the speaker intends to convey.
• Unless and until the second party is able to understand or decode the
information what the sender wants to communicate, the message is actually
of no use.
4. Schramm: Model 1 (1954)
• Thus encoding and decoding are two most important factors of an effective
communication without which information can never flow between two
individuals.
• Schramm’s model also revolves around the above principle.
• According to the Schramm’s model, coding and decoding are the two
essential processes of an effective communication.
Models of Communication
5. David Berlo’s Model
Beliefs Berlo Model of Communication Beliefs

S
SOURCE
M
MESSAGE
C
CHANNEL
R
RECEIVER
Communication Skills Elements Seeing Communication Skills

Attitudes Structure Hearing Attitudes

Knowledge Content Touching Knowledge

Social System Treatment Smelling Social System

Culture Code Tasting Culture

5. David Berlo’s Model
• In 1960, David Berlo postulated Berlo’s Sender-Message-Channel-Receiver
(SMCR) model of communication from Shannon Weaver’s Model of
Communication (1949).
• He described factors affecting the individual components in the
communication making the communication more efficient.
• The model also focuses on encoding and decoding which happens before
sender sends the message and before receiver receives the message
respectively.
• Berlo’s Model has mainly, four components to describe the communication
process. They are sender, message, channel and receiver. Each of the
component is affected by many factors.
5. David Berlo’s Model
• In 1960, David Berlo postulated Berlo’s Sender-Message-Channel-Receiver
(SMCR) model of communication from Shannon Weaver’s Model of
Communication (1949).
• He described factors affecting the individual components in the
communication making the communication more efficient.
• The model also focuses on encoding and decoding which happens before
sender sends the message and before receiver receives the message
respectively.
• Berlo’s Model has mainly, four components to describe the communication
process. They are sender, message, channel and receiver. Each of the
component is affected by many factors.