Leson 1:

Introduction to Statistics

1
 Statistics
is a branch of Mathematics that
deals with collecting, organizing,
analyzing and interpreting data in
such a way, valid conclusions can
be derived from them.

2
 STATISTICAL METHODS

1.Collection of Data
2.Presentation of Data
3.Analyzing of Data
4.Interpretation of Data

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 Data
• The measurements obtained in a
research study are called the
data.
• The goal of statistics is to help
researchers organize and
interpret the data.

4
 Descriptive Statistics

• Descriptive statistics are methods for

organizing and summarizing data.
• For example, tables or graphs are used to
organize data, and descriptive values such
as the average score are used to
summarize data.

5
 Inferential Statistics
• Inferential statistics are methods for
using sample data to make general
conclusions (inferences) about
populations.
• Because a sample is typically only a part
of the whole population, sample data
provide only limited information about the
population.

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 Population
• The entire group of individuals is
called the population.
• For example, a researcher may be
interested in the relation between
class size and academic performance
for the population of third-grade
children.

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 Sample
• Usually populations are so large that a
researcher cannot examine the entire
group. Therefore, a sample is selected to
represent the population in a research
study. The goal is to use the results
obtained from the sample to help answer
questions about the population.

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 Variables
• A variable is a characteristic or condition
that can change or take on different
values.
• Most research begins with a general
question about the relationship between
two variables for a specific group of
individuals.

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 Forms of Variables
Qualitative Variables – are
variables grouped according to
categories based on characteristics
Example: gender
Quantitative Variables – are
numerical. They can be arranged in
order.
Example: number of chairs, length11
 Types of Quantitative
Variables
Discrete variables maybe obtained by
means of counting.
Example: number of pupils in a class

Continuous variables are obtained by

measurement.
Example: height of pupils, weight of pupils

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 Measuring Variables
• To establish relationships between
variables, researchers must observe the
variables and record their observations.
This requires that the variables be
measured.
• The process of measuring a variable
requires a set of categories called a scale
of measurement and a process that
classifies each individual into one
category.
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 4 Types of Measurement
Scales
1. A nominal scale is an unordered set of
categories identified only by name.
Nominal measurements only permit you
to determine whether two individuals are
the same or different.
2. An ordinal scale is an ordered set of
categories. Ordinal measurements tell
you the direction of difference between
two individuals.

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3. An interval scale is an ordered series of equal-
sized categories. Interval measurements
identify the direction and magnitude of a
difference. The zero point is located arbitrarily
on an interval scale.
4. A ratio scale is an interval scale where a value
of zero indicates none of the variable. Ratio
measurements identify the direction and
magnitude of differences and allow ratio
comparisons of measurements.
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Examples of Nominal Scale

• gender
• sex
• religion
• address
• civil status
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Examples of Ordinal Scale

• satisfaction
• happiness
• place in a race
• educational background

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Examples of Interval Scale

• temperature
• pH level
• time
• IQ Test
• age
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Examples of Ratio Scale

• weight
• height
• Length
• number of chairs

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Identify the population and the
sample.
Gwinnett County Public
Schools randomly selected
230 teachers out of its 1000
teachers to find out which
technology resource is the
most effective.
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Identify the population and the
sample.
Members of the Drama Club
plan to sell popcorn as a
fundraiser for their
Shakespeare production.
They survey 75 students
at random about their favorite
flavors of popcorn. 21
Identify the population and the
sample.
A restaurant wants to know if
customers buy dessert when
they eat out. As people leave
the restaurant one evening,
20 people are surveyed at
random.
22
Identify the population and the
sample.
To determine if the class of 50
students understood the
homework assignment, the math
teacher checks the top 15
papers in the pile of collected
homework. The teacher finds
that all students understood the
homework assignment. 23
Quantitative or Qualitative

age of grade 7 students

24
Quantitative or Qualitative

hair color of asian people

25
Quantitative or Qualitative

blood type of teachers

26
 Quantitative or Qualitative

number of chairs in the room

27
Quantitative or Qualitative

gender of city officials

28
Discreet or Continuous

weight of Grade 1 pupils

29
 Discreet or Continuous

family income of a barangay

30
Discreet or Continuous

age of Grade 12 students

31
 Discreet or Continuous

travel time of students from

home to school

32
 Discreet or Continuous

number of books in the library

33
Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, Ratio

grades of the students in Math

34
 Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, Ratio

rank of the school in the quiz bee

35
Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, Ratio

members of the Sports Club

36
Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, Ratio

civil status of the faculty

37
 Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, Ratio

Grade level of the students at SGS

38
Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, Ratio

kinds of fruits in the garden

39
Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, Ratio

number of adults in the family

40
Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, Ratio

Place on the Cream of the Crop

41
Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, Ratio

list of Grade 5 pupils

42
Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, Ratio

weight of females in the room

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