Mathematics for Engineering: Calculus

Chapter 1: INTEGRATION
Department of Mathematics, FPT University
 Contents
1.1 Approximating Areas
1.2 The Define Integral
1.3 The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
1.4 Integration Formulas and
the Net Change Theorem
1.5 Substitution
INTEGRATION

1.1
Approximating Areas

In this section, we will learn that:

We get the same special type of limit in trying to find
the area under a curve.
AREA PROBLEM
We begin by attempting to solve the area problem:
Find the area of the region S that lies under the
curve y = f(x) from a to b.
AREA PROBLEM Example 1

Suppose we divide S into

four strips S1, S2, S3, and
S4 by drawing the vertical
lines x = ¼, x = ½, and
x = ¾.
AREA PROBLEM Example 1

The heights of these rectangles are the values

of the function f(x) = x2 at the right endpoints
of the subintervals
[0, ¼],[¼, ½], [½, ¾],
and [¾, 1].
AREA PROBLEM Example 1

Each rectangle has width

¼ and the heights are
(¼)2, (½)2, (¾)2, and 12.

R4   
1
4 4
1 2
 
1
4 2
1 2
 
1
4 4
3 2
 1
1
4
2

 15
32

 0.46875
AREA PROBLEM Example 1

Here, the heights are the

values of f at the left
endpoints of the
subintervals.

L4   0   
1
4
2 1
4 4
1 2
 
1
4 2
1 2
 
1
4 4
3 2

 327
 0.21875
 AREA PROBLEM Example 1

The figure shows what happens when we divide the

region S into eight strips of equal width.

0.2734375 < A < 0.3984375

 AREA PROBLEM Example 2

Rn is the sum of the areas of the n rectangles.

 Each rectangle has width

1/n and the heights are
the values of the function
f(x) = x2 at the points
1/n, 2/n, 3/n, …, n/n.

 That is, the heights are

(1/n)2, (2/n)2, (3/n)2, …,
(n/n)2.
 AREA PROBLEM

© Thomson Higher Education

AREA PROBLEM Example 2

Thus,
2 2 2 2
11 12 13 1n
Rn           ...   
nn nn nn nn
1 2
 3 (1  22  32  ...  n 2 )
n

1 n(n  1)(2n  1) (n  1)(2n  1)

Rn  3  
n 6 6n 2
AREA PROBLEM

Thus, we define the area A to be the limit of the

sums of the areas of the approximating rectangles,
that is,

A  lim Rn  lim Ln  13
n  n 
AREA PROBLEM
Let’s apply the idea of Examples 1 and 2
to the more general region S of the earlier figure.
AREA PROBLEM
What we think of intuitively as the area of S is
approximated by the sum of the areas of these
rectangles:
Rn = f(x1) ∆x + f(x2) ∆x + … + f(xn) ∆x

ba
x 
n
AREA PROBLEM
The area A of the region S that lies under the graph of the
continuous function f is the limit of the sum of the areas of
approximating rectangles:

A  lim Rn
n 

 lim[ f ( x1 )x  f ( x2 )x  ...  f ( xn )x]

n 

A  lim Ln
n 

 lim[ f ( x0 )x  f ( x1 )x  ...  f ( xn1 )x]

n 
 AREA PROBLEM

The figure shows approximating rectangles when the

sample points are not chosen to be endpoints.

xi* in the i th
subinterval [xi - 1, xi]
(the sample points)

A  lim[ f ( x1*)x  f ( x2 *)x  ...  f ( xn *)x]

n 
AREA PROBLEM
n
A  lim  f ( xi )x
Hence,
n 
i 1
n
A  lim  f ( xi 1 )x
n 
i 1
n
A  lim  f ( xi *)x
n 
i 1

The sum n

 f ( x *)x
i 1
i

is called a Riemann sum.

Example

1. Evaluating the Riemann sum of the following function with four

subintervals. The sample points are the right endpoints.

f(x)= x-1/x (1<=x<=2)

2. Estimate the area of the region under the graph of y = sin x

on [0,5] with 3 subintervals [0,1]; [1,2.5] and [2.5,5] by using
left-endpoints

3. Find the lower sum for f(x) = 10 – x2 on [1,2] with 4

subintervals
INTEGRATION

1.2
The Definite Integral

In this section, we will learn about:

Integrals with limits that represent
a definite quantity.
 DEFINITE INTEGRAL

If f is a function defined for a ≤ x ≤ b,

we divide the interval [a, b] into n subintervals
of equal width ∆x = (b – a)/n.

 We let x0(= a), x1, x2, …, xn(= b) be the endpoints

of these subintervals.

 We let x1*, x2*,…., xn* be any sample points in

these subintervals, so xi* lies in the i th subinterval.
 DEFINITE INTEGRAL

Then, the definite integral of f from a to b is

n
f ( x) dx  lim  f ( xi *)x
b
a n 
i 1

provided that this limit exists.

 If it does exist, we say f is integrable on [a, b].

 The symbol ∫ was introduced by Leibniz and is

called an integral sign.
 b
DEFINITE INTEGRAL a
f ( x) dx
b
The definite integral
 a
f ( x)dx is a number.
It does not depend on x.

In fact, we could use any letter in place of x without

changing the value of the integral:
b b b
a
f ( x)dx   f (t )dt   f (r )dr
a a
 b
DEFINITE INTEGRAL 
a
f ( x) dx
INTEGRABLE FUNCTIONS

If f is continuous on [a, b], or if f has only a finite

number of jump discontinuities, then f is integrable
on [a, b].
b
That is, the definite integral

a
f ( x) dx exists.
INTEGRABLE FUNCTIONS
If f is integrable on [a, b], then
n
f ( x) dx  lim  f ( xi ) x
b
a ni 
i 1

ba
where x  and xi  a  i x
n
EVALUATING INTEGRALS
The following three equations give formulas for sums
of powers of positive integers.
n
n(n  1)

i 1
i
2
n
n(n  1)(2n  1)
i
i 1
2

6
 n(n  1) 
n 2

i
i 1
3

 2 

PROPERTIES OF THE INTEGRAL
We assume f and g are continuous functions.

b
1.  c dx  c(b  a ), where c is any constant
a

 f ( x)  g ( x)  dx  
b b b
2.  f ( x) dx   g ( x ) dx
a a a
b b
3.  c f ( x) dx  c  f ( x) dx, where c is any constant
a a

 f ( x)  g ( x)  dx  
b b b
4.  f ( x) dx   g ( x ) dx
a a a
COMPARISON PROPERTIES OF THE INTEGRAL

These properties, in which we compare sizes of

functions and sizes of integrals, are true only if a ≤ b.

b
6. If f ( x)  0 for a  x  b, then  f ( x) dx  0
a
b b
7. If f ( x)  g ( x) for a  x  b, then  f ( x) dx   g ( x) dx
a a

8. If m  f ( x)  M for a  x  b, then
b
m(b  a)   f ( x) dx M (b  a)
a
 AVERAGE VALUE OF A FUNCTION
The geometric interpretation of the Mean Value
Theorem for Integrals is as follows.
 For ‘positive’ functions f, there is a number c such that
the rectangle with base [a, b] and height f(c) has the
same area as the region under the graph of f from a to
b.
AVERAGE VALUE OF A FUNCTION
If f is continuous on [a, b], then there exists a
number c in [a, b] such that

1 b
f (c) = f ave = ò
b-a a
f ( x) dx

that is,

b
ò f ( x) dx = f (c )(b - a )
a
Example

Find the average value of the function

f(x)=x2+3 on the interval [2,5]
INTEGRATION

1.3
The Fundamental
Theorem of Calculus

In this section, we will learn about:

The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
and its significance.
THE MEAN VALUE THEOREM FOR INTEGRALS
FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF CALCULUS PART 1:
Integrals and Antiderivatives
 Generalization

d u ( x)

dx v ( x )
f (t )dt  u '( x) f (u ( x))  v '( x) f (v( x))
Example
If x2
g ( x)   (t 2  t )dt ,1  x
1

Find g’(x)

x2
g ( x)   (t 2  t )dt
1

g '( x)  u '( x) f (u ( x))  2 x( x  x ), u ( x)  x

4 2 2
FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF CALCULUS PART 2:

If f is continuous on [a, b], then

b
òa
f ( x)dx = F (b) - F (a)

where F is any antiderivative of f, that is, a function

such that F’ = f.
INTEGRATION

1.4
Integration Formulas and
the Net Change Theorem
In this section, we will learn about:
Integrals with limits that represent
a definite quantity.
 NET CHANGE THEOREM
b
So, we can reformulate
òa
f ( x) dx = F (b) - F (a)
as follows.

The integral of a rate of change is the net change:

b
ò a
F '( x) dx = F (b) - F (a)
NET CHANGE THEOREM
If the mass of a rod measured from the left
end to a point x is m(x), then the linear density
is ρ(x) = m’(x).

b
 So,
ò
a
r ( x) dx = m(b) - m(a)
is the mass of the segment of the rod
that lies between x = a and x = b.
NET CHANGE THEOREM
If the rate of growth of a population is dn/dt,
t2 dn
ò
then
dt = n(t2 ) - n(t1 )
t1 dt
is the net change in population during the time
period from t1 to t2.

 The population increases when births happen

and decreases when deaths occur.
 The net change takes into account both births
and deaths.
NET CHANGE THEOREM
If an object moves along a straight line
with position function s(t), then its velocity
is v(t) = s’(t).

t2
 So, ò
t1
v(t ) dt = s(t2 ) - s(t1 )
is the net change of position, or displacement,
of the particle during the time period from t1 to t2.
NET CHANGE THEOREM
If we want to calculate the distance the object
travels during that time interval, we have to
consider the intervals when:

 v(t) ≥ 0 (the particle moves to the right)

 v(t) ≤ 0 (the particle moves to the left)

NET CHANGE THEOREM
In both cases, the distance is computed by
integrating |v(t)|, the speed.

Therefore,
t2
òt1
| v(t ) | dt = total distance traveled
NET CHANGE THEOREM
The figure shows how both displacement and
distance traveled can be interpreted in terms
of areas under a velocity curve.
NET CHANGE THEOREM

The acceleration of the object is

a(t) = v’(t).

t2
 So,
ò
t1
a(t ) dt = v(t2 ) - v(t1 )
is the change in velocity from time t1 to time t2.
NET CHANGE THEOREM Example
A particle moves along a line so that its
velocity at time t is:
v(t) = t2 – t – 6 (in meters per second)

a) Find the displacement of the particle during

the time period 1 ≤ t ≤ 4.

b) Find the distance traveled during this time period.

NET CHANGE THEOREM Example a
By Equation 2, the displacement is:

s(4) - s (1) = ò v(t ) dt = ò (t - t - 6) dt

4 4
2
1 1
4
ét t 3
ù2
9
= ê - - 6t ú = -
ë3 2 û1 2

 This means that the particle moved 4.5 m

toward the left.
NET CHANGE THEOREM Example b

Note that
v(t) = t2 – t – 6 = (t – 3)(t + 2)

 Thus,
v(t) ≤ 0 on the interval [1, 3] and v(t) ≥ 0 on [3, 4]
NET CHANGE THEOREM Example b
So, from Equation 3, the distance traveled is:
4 3 4
ò1
v(t ) dt = ò [-v(t )] dt + ò v(t ) dt
1 3
3 4
= ò (-t + t + 6) dt + ò (t 2 - t - 6) dt
2
1 3
3 4
é t t 3
ù ét t
2
ù 3 2
= ê - + + 6t ú + ê - - 6t ú
ë 3 2 û1 ë 3 2 û3
61
= » 10.17 m
6
Example

1. Suppose that the animal population is

increasing at a rate f(t)=3t-1 ( t measured in years).

How much does the animals increase

between the third and the seven years?

2. Suppose the acceleration function and initial velocity are

a(t)=t+3 (m/s2), v(0)=5 (m/s).Find the velocity at
time t and the distance traveled when 0<=t<=5
INTEGRATING OF SYMMETRIC FUNCTIONS
Suppose f is continuous on [–a , a].

a.If f is even, [f(–x) = f(x)], then

a a
ò-a
f ( x) dx = 2ò f ( x) dx
0

b.If f is odd, [f(-x) = -f(x)], then

a
ò -a
f ( x) dx = 0
INTEGRATING OF SYMMETRIC FUNCTIONS

This Theorem is
illustrated here.
INTEGRATION

1.5
Substitution

In this section, we will learn:

To substitute a new variable in place of an existing
expression in a function, making integration easier.
 INDEFINITE INTEGRAL

Due to the relation given by the FTC between antiderivatives

and integrals, the notation ∫ f(x) dx is traditionally used for an
antiderivative of f and is called an indefinite integral.

Thus, ∫ f(x) dx = F(x) means F’(x) = f(x)

INDEFINITE AND DEFINITE INTEGRALS
You should distinguish carefully between definite and
indefinite integrals.

b
 A definite integral
ò
a
f ( x) dx is a number.

∫
 An indefinite integral f(x)dx is a function
(or family of functions).
TABLE OF INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

 cf ( x) dx  c  f ( x) dx  [ f ( x)  g ( x)] dx
  f ( x) dx   g ( x) dx
n 1
x
 k dx  kx  C  x dx  n  1  C (n  1)
n

 sin x dx   cos x  C  cos x dx  sin x  C

 x dx  tan x  C  x dx   cot x  C
2 2
sec csc

 sec x tan x dx  sec x  C  csc x cot x dx   csc x  C

 SUBSTITUTION RULE

If u = g(x) is a differentiable function whose range is an

interval I and f is continuous on I, then

∫ f(g(x))g’(x) dx = ∫ f(u) du
INTRODUCTION Equation 1

However, our antidifferentiation formulas don’t

tell us how to evaluate integrals such as

ò x + x dx
2
2 1
SUBSTITUTION RULE Example

Find ∫ x3 cos(x4 + 2) dx

 We make the substitution u = x4 + 2.

 This is because its differential is du = 4x3 dx,

which, apart from the constant factor 4,
occurs in the integral.
SUBSTITUTION RULE Example

Thus, using x3 dx = du/4 and the Substitution

Rule, we have:

      4  cos udu
3 4 1 1
x cos( x 2) dx cos u 4 du
 14 sin u  C
 sin( x  2)  C
1
4
4

 Notice that, at the final stage, we had to return to

the original variable x.
SUB. RULE FOR DEF. INTEGRALS Example

dx
ò
2
Evaluate
1 (3 - 5 x) 2

 Let u = 3 – 5x.
 Then, du = –5 dx, so dx = –du/5.
 When x = 1, u = –2, and when x = 2, u = –7.
SUB. RULE FOR DEF. INTEGRALS Equation 5
If g’ is continuous on [a, b] and f is continuous on the
range of u = g(x), then

b g (b)
ò a
f ( g ( x)) g '( x)dx = ò
g (a)
f (u )du

Let F be an antiderivative of f.
Then, F(g(x)) is an antiderivative of f(g(x))g’(x).
So,
f ( g ( x)) g '( x)dx = F ( g ( x))]a
b
ò
b
a

= F ( g (b)) - F ( g (a))
Thanks