Structural Analysis

AR 203
 Chapter 1
1. Introduction (‫)مقدمة‬
2. Classification of Structures ‫منشآت‬
( ‫صنيف ل‬
‫ا‬ ‫)ت‬
3. Loads‫)ا الحما (ل‬
Introduction

•Structures can be classified according to their uses:

1. Civil Structures ‫ –منشآتمدنية‬Buildings, bridges,
towers, etc...
2. Military Structures ‫ –منشآتعسكرية‬ships, aircraft,
tanks, etc...
•Design Considerations: (‫) اعتباراتت صميمية‬
- Safety (‫)ا المان‬
-Economy (‫)ا القتصاد‬

-Design of engineering systems is usually a trade-off between

maximizing safety (‫)زيادة ا المان‬and minimizing cost.(‫)ت قليلا لتكلفة‬
•Classification of Structures ‫ت‬
( ‫)ت صنيفا لمنشآ‬
1.Structural Elements : composed of structural members joined
together by structural connections.

i) Tension members or Tie Rods (‫)أعضاء ا لشد أو ا لقضبانا لرابطة‬:

• Subjected to a tensile force.
• Slender members and often chosen from rods, bars, angles or
channels.
• Most commonly in truss structures and in braced frames.
 ii) Beams: ‫كمرات‬
( ‫)ا ل‬

•Straight horizontal members used primarily to carry vertical loads.

•When the beam cross-section varies with the length it is called as a
tapered or haunched beam.
•Beams are primarily designed to resist bending moment and shear
force.
•The optimized cross-section looks like an I-shape. The horizontal
plates are called flanges and the vertical plate is called web.
•In this shape, the flanges primarily resist the moments and the web
resists the shear.
•If greater depths are need, plate girders can be used. Plate girders
are made by welding together three plates (the web and two
flanges).
 iii) Columns :

•Vertical members and resist axial

compressive loads.

•Tubes and I-sections are often used for

metal columns.

•Circular and square cross-sections with

reinforcing bars are used for concrete
compression members.

•Columns that are subjected to bending

moment in addition to axial forces are
called beam-columns.
b. Types of Structures (combination of structural
elements):
•Trusses

•Trusses consist of slender members, arranged in a triangular

pattern.
•All members are connected together through smooth frictionless
pins at their ends, which are free to rotate (no moment).
External loads are assumed to be applied at its joints only. The
self-weight of each member is assumed to be equally divided
to its end joints.
•Joints are often bolted, riveted, or welded. Gusset plates are
also often included to tie the members together.
•All members are axial force elements in either tension or
compression
•Cables and Arches (‫) الكابالت واألقواس‬

Cables are usually flexible and carry their loads in tension.

The external load is usually applied vertically, as a result the
cable deforms with a SAG.
Cables are commonly used to support bridges and building
roofs.
• An arch has the reverse curvature of a cable and it achieves its

strength in compression.
• The arch must be rigid in order to maintain its shape.
• It is primarily subjected to compression (but also some shear
and moment).
• Arches are used in bridges and dome roofs
(‫وسقوف لقبة‬
‫ا‬ ‫ )ا لجسور‬.
3. Frames: ‫ت‬
( ‫) االطارا‬
 Frames are commonly used in building structures,
 Frames are composed of beams and columns that are
connected together.
 Frames are either 2D (planner) or 3D (space).
Steel frames or concrete frames (most commonly used
buildings).
There are different types of frames:

1. Braced frames (‫طارات لمثبتة‬

‫ا‬ ‫ – )ا ال‬all connections
between beams and frames are pinned and there are
diagonal bracing members.
2. Moment resisting frames (‫)إطاراتمقاومة ل لع زم‬ all
connections between beams and frames are rigid and
there is no need for diagonal bracing members.
4. Surface Structures (‫) المنشآت السطحية‬:
Made from a material having a very small thickness
compared to its other dimensions, i.e. thin plates or shells.
Surface structures may be made of rigid materials such as
reinforced concrete.
The structures is subjected to in-plane (tension or
compression forces mainly).
 3. Loads

•Before a refined structural analysis can be carried out, it is

necessary to determine the loads for which a given structure
should be designed.
•General information about the loads imposed on a structure is
usually given in the specifications and codes.
a. Dead Loads :(‫ )أحما لميتة‬are permanent loads acting on the
structure.
Examples are:
– Self Weight of the structural members.
– Weight of other structural members attaching to the structure
being considered (column has to carry the weight of beams and
slabs, etc…)
– Weight of non structural elements (claddings, non-structural
walls, windows, doors, pipes, ceiling, floor finishing)
 We can determine the dead load based on the density and
volume of materials, see Table 1-2. in the text book.

For example:

Material Unit weight or density

Reinforced concrete 23.6 kN/m3
Structural steel 77 kN/m3
Aluminium 26.7 kN/m3
Brick 18.9 kN/m3
Wood 6 kN/m3
b. Live loads: ‫ ))أحما لحية‬can vary both in their magnitude and
location.

1.Building Loads: (‫)أحما لا لمباني‬

•Live loads are loads of varying magnitudes and/or positions

caused by the use of the structure.

•The magnitudes of design live loads are usually specified in building

codes.

•Live loads for buildings are usually specified as uniformly

distributed surface loads in kN/m2.
2. Bridge Loads

•Live loads due to traffic on highway bridges are specified by the

American Association of State Highway and Transportations
Officials, AASHTO Specification.
•As the heaviest loading on highway bridges is usually caused by
trucks, the AASHTO Specification defines two systems of standard
trucks, H trucks and HS trucks, to represent the vehicular loads for
design purposes.
 3.Railroad Bridge Loads

•Live loads for railroad bridges are specified by the American

Railway Engineering and Maintenance of Way Association, AREMA.

•Live loads consist of two sets of nine concentrated loads

separated by specified distances, followed by uniform loading
representing the weight of freight cars.
4. Impact loads (‫)أحما لا لتصادم‬

• When live loads are applied rapidly to a structure, they cause

larger stresses than those that would be produced if the same
loads would have been applied gradually.
• This dynamic effect of the load that causes the stress increase in
the structure is referred to as impact.
 5. Wind Loads (‫)أحما لا لرياح‬

•Wind load is a horizontal load acting in the

direction of wind.

•Wind loads generally vary with the location

(city, country) of the building, terrain
condition (rural or city center), and height of
the structure.

•In low-rise structure, gravity loads typically

govern the design of structures.

•In high-rise structures, however, wind loads

(if not earthquake) govern the design of
columns and structural walls.
 6. Snow Loads (‫)احما لا لثلوج‬

• Design snow load for a structure is based on the ground snow

load for its geographic location, exposure to wind, and its
thermal, geometric, and functional characteristics.

• In most cases, there is less snow on the roof than on the

ground.
7. Earthquake Loads (‫)أحما لا لزالزل‬

•An earthquake is a sudden undulation of a portion of the earth’s

surface.
•Although the ground surface moves in both horizontal and vertical
directions during an earthquake, the magnitude of the vertical
component of ground motion is usually small and does not have a
significant impact on most structures.
•It is the horizontal component of ground motion that causes
structural damage and that must be considered in designs of
structures located in earthquake prone areas.
8. Hydrostatic and Soil Pressure (‫)ض غط ا لتربة‬

•Hydrostatic pressure acts normal to the submerged surface of the

structure, with its magnitude varying linearly with height, as shown
in Fig.

9. Other Natural Loads (blast, temperature changes, and differential

settlement of the foundation).
(‫متفاوت لقواعد‬
‫ل‬ ‫ ت غير درجة ا لحرارة وهبوط‬،‫)أحما نل تيجة ا النفجار‬
Example 1:
Determine the loading on the beam measured per meter length of the
beam.

Concrete slab: 23.6 kN/m3 (2 m)(0.10 m) = 4.72

kN/m
Plaster ceiling: 0.24 kN/m2 (2 m) = 0.48
kN/m
Block wall: 18.9 kN/m3 (2.5 m)(0.30 m) =14.20 kN/m
Total load = 19.4
kN/m