INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION

AND COMMUNICATION
TECHNOLOGY
BY: ANIQA SIDDIQUI
CS-140
Session 2019-2023
Reference Books
 The concepts of information technology 9th edition by Tasleem
Mustafa
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1xKEAhsISWz5-agdX-xd-
RR4fg3uAgT_K/view
 Introduction to Computers by Peter Norton, 6th International Edition
(McGraw HILL)
 Using Information Technology: A Practical Introduction to Computer
& Communications by Williams Sawyer, 6th Edition (McGraw HILL)
 Computers, Communications & information: A user's introduction by
Sarah E. Hutchinson, Stacey C. Sawyer
 Fundamentals of Information Technology by Alexis Leon,
Mathewsleon Articles & Handouts will be given accordingly
Chapter 1:
Introduction To Information And
Communication Technology
Topics
 Introduction
 Data & Information
 Information Processing Cycle
 Components of Computer Hardware
 History of Computer
 Generation of Computer
 Classification of Computer
What is a Computer?
 An electronic machine used to solve different
problems according to a set of instructions
given to it.
 An electronic device for storing and
processing data
 Composed of hardware and software
 Can exist in a variety of sizes and
configurations
Characteristics of Computer
 The ability to perform the information processing
cycle with amazing speed.
 Reliability (low failure rate).
 Accuracy.
 Ability to store huge amounts of data and
information (storage).
 Ability to communicate with other computers.
 Versatility
 Consistency
Computer Hardware
 Physical parts of computer are called
Hardware. Hardware can be seen and
touched by the user i.e.
 Input devices such as keyboard, mouse
 Processing device such as CPU
 Output device such as printer and monitor
 Storage Device such as hard drive , flash drive
and optical disc
 Memory chips such as RAM,ROM
Difference b/w Hardware And
Software
What is Data?
 The raw material of information
 Contain facts w/o interpretations
 The information entered into, and stored
within a computer or file
 Used by applications to accomplish tasks
 Unprocessed information
 E.g.
 Student’s admission form, Govt. census
data, different organizational survey
What is Information?
 Processed data is called information
 Contains meaning, knowledge, instruction,
communication, & representation of data
 Result of processing, manipulating and
organizing data in a way that adds to the
knowledge of the person receiving it
 The output of information systems
 i.e. student’s data which after some processing can be
used to get the student’s record resides in Faisalabad.
Information Processing Cycle
(IPC)
 Series of steps used to convert data into
useful information is known as Information
processing cycle. The steps in this cycle are
preformed in a specific sequence.

 Input-->Processing--> Output-->Storage
What Do Computers Do?
 Input, Process, Output, & Store data

Input Process Output

Store Data
Information Processing Cycle…
1. Input
First step of IPC is input. In this phase the
computer accepts data from input devices. An input
source by user can be an input device like keyboard,
mouse, microphone etc.
2. Processing
Second step of IPC is processing. It converts
data into information. Information is an organized and
processed form of data. CPU processed data into
information. RAM temporarily stores data.
Information Processing Cycle…
3.Output
Third step of IPC is output. The result is provided to the
user. It is performed using different output devices such
as monitors and printers
4.Storage
Fourth step of IPC is Storage. It stores data, information
and program used by the computer system. It is
performed using different storage devices like hard
drives, optical discs and USB flash memory etc.
Input, Processing, Storage,
and Output Devices
Components of Computer
Hardware
 Input devices
 Output devices

 System units

 Storage (memory) devices

 Communication devices
Input Devices
 Keyboard, mouse, scanner, microphones & etc.
Output Devices
 Printers
 Monitors
 and more
System Units
 CPU (Central Processing Unit)
 Memory
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
 Main processor of a computer that makes
everything work
 Interprets & carries out the basic instructions
 Performs all the instruction, logic, &
mathematical processing
Memory
 Two types:
 Primary & Secondary
 Primary:
 Temporary memory for dynamic access by the
processor (CPU)
 RAM (Random Access Memory)
 Secondary:
 For large data storage, e.g. hard disk drive
 RAM is much faster than disk drives for
dynamically interacting with the processor
Storage Devices
 Magnetic Disks
 Hard disks, floppy disks, zip disks
 Optical Disks
 CD-ROM, CD-R (Recordable), CD-RW, DVD
 Flash Memory Cards
 USB flash drive: Small, lightweight, & large
storage capacity
Communication Devices
 Modem
 Connect a computer to the internet
 Network card
 Connect a computer to a computer network
 Router
 Connect different devices to share data and
internet connections
 Mechanical computers
The Abacus (c. 3000 BCE)
Napier’s Bones and
Logarithms (1617)

Picture courtesy IBM

Oughtred’s (1621) and
Schickard‘s (1623]
slide rule
Blaise Pascal’s
Pascaline
(1645)
Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibnitz’s
Stepped Reckoner (1674)
Joseph-Marie Jacquard and his punched card
controlled looms (1804)
Preparing the cards with the
pattern for the cloth to be woven
Charles Babbage (1791-1871)
The Father of Computers
Charles Babbage’s Difference
Engine
The ENIAC:
Electronic Numerical Integrator
and Computer
Classification Of
Computers
Classification of Computer
 Compare between the previous type of
computers based on
 Price
 Processing Speed
 Storage Capacity
 Powerful
 Single-user or Multi-user
 Computer Size
 Companies size
Classification of Computer
1. Personal computer (PCs)
2. Mobile devices
3. Minicomputer
4. Mainframe Computer
5. Super Computer
6. Embedded Computer
Personal Computers
 Desktop computers i.e. PC, Mac, and
other microcomputers (Server
Computer)
 Portable computer i.e. Laptops,
Tablets
Mobile devices
 A mobile device is basically any handheld
computer.
 It is designed to be extremely portable.
 Some mobile devices are more powerful
 Types:
1. Tablet Computers
2. E-Book Readers
3. Smartphones
4. Portable Media Players
Minicomputers
 Typically Large, more powerful and more
expensive
 Can serve hundreds of users
 Mid range servers
 i.e. Prime 9955, HP 3000, AS 400, VAX
8600
Mainframe computers
 Large computers designed to serve several
thousands connected users at a same time.
 More power and expensive than
microcomputers
 Enterprise server or high ended server like
Airlines, Government departments(NADRA)
 i.e. IBM S-900, DEC10 and etc.
Super Computers
 Fastest and the most powerful
 Biggest in size and more expensive
 Used to perform complex task
 i.e. Weather forecasting, weapon design, and
atomic research, business and industry ,
Hollywood movies (animation purpose)
 examples Roadrunner, Blue Gene, Deep
blue
Embedded Computers
 Designed for specific purpose
 Small and have limited hardware
 Perform according to requirement
 Electronics i.e. PDA, mobile etc.
 Home devices i.e. microwaves
 Process controllers and robotics i.e. blood
pressure monitors
GENERATIONS OF
COMPUTERS
INTRODUCTION

 Each generation of computer is

characterized by a major technological
development that fundamentally changed the
way computers operate, resulting in
increasingly smaller, cheaper, more powerful
and more efficient and reliable devices.
FIRST GENERATION,
1946 – 1957: The Vacuum Tube
 The first generation of computers, characterized by vacuum tubes,
started in 1946 with the creation of -
UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) – a tabulating machine which
won the contest for the fastest machine which could count the US
1890 census.

VACUUM TUBES – electronic tubes about the size of light bulbs.

DRAWBACKS

 They generate more heat causing

many problems in temperature
regulation and climate control.
 Tubes were subject to frequent burn-
out.
SECOND GENERATION,
1958 – 1963: The Transistor
 The year 1958 marked the
invention of transistors, which
characterized the second
generation of computers.
 TRANSISTOR – was a three-
legged component which shrunk
the size of the first generation
computers. Occupied only 1/100th
of the space occupied by a
vacuum tube
 More reliable, had greater
computational speed, required no
warm-up time and consumed far
less electricity.
THIRD GENERATION,
1964 – 1970: The Integrated Circuit
 Third generation computers arose in 1964 with the
invention of smaller electronic circuits called integrated
circuits (IC’S)
 INTEGRATED CIRCUITS – are square silicon chips
containing circuitry that can perform the functions of
hundreds of transistors.
ADVANTAGES
 RELIABILITY – Unlike vacuum tubes, silicon will not
break down easily. It is very seldom that you will have to
replace it.
 LOW COST – Silicon chips are relatively cheap because
of their small size and availability in the market. It also
consumes less electricity.
FOURTH GENERATION,
1971 – present: The Microprocessor
 Marked by the use of microprocessor
 MICROPROCESSOR – is a silicon chip that
contains the CPU – part of the computer
where all processing takes place.
4004 chip – was the first microprocessor
introduced by Intel Corporation.
ADVANTAGES

 Faster, more powerful, tremendous data storage

and processing capacity
 New brands and models would come out the
market almost every other month.
 Many clones or imitations of the IBM have
become even more powerful and a lot cheaper.
FIFTH GENERATION-AI
(Present and future)
 Based on Artificial intelligence
 Some applications are voice recognition,
robotics and game playing etc.
USES OF COMPUTERS
 Computers became more affordable
 Computers can now be found in homes, schools, offices
etc.
 There has been a tremendous improvement in software
technology
 Different software applications to choose from: word
processing, spreadsheets, database management,
games and entertainment.
 Computer subjects are now being offered not just to
college students but even to high school and elementary.
 Computers are now used as an aid in teaching math,
science etc.
ICT –INFORMATION
COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY

 Refers to all type of technologies that are

used to create , access and process
information.
 Combination of information technology and
communication technology
 Provides facilities for collaboration,
messaging, calendaring, instant messaging,
audio, video and web conferencing etc.