Module 1.2

Module 1
Part B
Contents
• Slip gauges-Indian standards on slip gauges
• Adjustable slip gauges
• Wringing of slip gauges
• Problems on building of slip gauges (M87, M112)
• Measurement of angle- sine bar, Sine centre, Angle gauges
• Optical instruments for angular measurements
• Autocollimator
• Applications for measuring straightness and squareness.

SLIP GAUGES OR GAUGE BLOCKS
• Slip gauges are rectangular blocks of steel having cross section
of 30 mm face length & 10 mm face width
• Slip gauges are blocks of steel that have been hardened and
stabilized by heat treatment.
• They are ground and lapped to size to very high standards of
accuracy and surface finish.
• A gauge block (also known Johansson gauge, slip gauge, or Jo block)
is a precision length measuring standard consisting of a ground and
lapped metal or ceramic block.
• Slip gauges were invented in 1896 by Swedish machinist Carl
Edward Johansson
Manufacture of Slip Gauges
• When correctly cleaned and wrung together, the individual
slip gauges adhere to each other by molecular attraction and,
if left like this for too long, a partial cold weld will take place.
• If this is allowed to occur, the gauging surface will be

irreparable after use, hence the gauges should be separated
carefully by sliding them apart.
• They should then be cleaned, smeared with petroleum jelly

(Vaseline) and returned to their case
Protector Slips
• In addition, some sets also contain protector slips that are
2.50mm thick and are made from a hard, wear resistant
material such as tungsten carbide
• These are added to the ends of the slip gauge stack to protect
the other gauge blocks from wear
• Allowance must be made of the thickness of the protector

slips when they are used.
Wringing of Slip Gauges
• Slip gauges are wrung together to give a stack of the required
dimension.
• In order to achieve the maximum accuracy the following
precautions must be taken.
• Use the minimum number of blocks.
• Wipe the measuring faces clean using soft clean leather.
• Wring the individual blocks together by first pressing at right
angles, sliding & then twisting
36 Johansson gauge blocks wrung together easily support their own weight
INDIAN STANDARD ON SLIP GAUGES (IS 2984-1966)
• Slip gauges are graded according to their accuracy as Grade 0,

Grade I & Grade II.
• Grade II is intended for use in workshops during actual
production of components, tools & gauges.
• Grade I is of higher accuracy for use in inspection
departments.
• Grade 0 is used in laboratories and standard rooms for
periodic calibration of Grade I & Grade II gauges
M-87 set of slip gauges
M-112 set of slip gauges
Important notes on building of Slip Gauges
• Always start with the last decimal place.
• Then take the subsequent decimal places.
• Minimum number of slip gauges should be used by selecting

the largest possible block in each step.
• If in case protector slips are used, first deduct their thickness

from the required dimension then proceed as per above
order.
Numerical
Q 1) Build the following dimensions using M-87 set. (i) 49.3825
mm (ii) 87.3215 mm
Q 2) Build up a length of 35.4875 mm using M112 set. Use two

protector slips of 2.5 mm each
49.3825mm
87.3215 mm
35.4875 mm
Definition of Angle
• Angle is defined as the opening between two lines which
meet at a point.
• If a circle is divided into 360 parts, then each part is called a
degree (o).
• Each degree is subdivided into 60 parts called minutes(’), and
each minute is further subdivided into 60 parts called
seconds(”).
• The unit ‘Radian’ is defined as the angle subtended by an arc
of a circle of length equal to the radius.
Measurement of Angles
1. Bevel protractor
2. Sine Bar
3. Sine centre
4. Angle Gauges
5. Autocollimator
Vernier Bevel Protractor
• It is a simplest instrument for measuring the angle between
two faces of a component.
• It consists of a base plate attached to a main body and an
adjustable blade which is attached to a circular plate
containing vernier scale.
• The adjustable blade is capable of sliding freely along the
groove provided on it and can be clamped at any convenient
length
• The adjustable blade along with the circular plate containing
the vernier can rotate freely about the center of the main
scale engraved on the body of the instrument and can be
locked in any position with the help of a clamping knob.
• The adjustable blade along with the circular plate containing

the vernier can rotate freely about the center of the main
scale engraved on the body of the instrument and can be
locked in any position with the help of a clamping knob.
Sine Bar
• Sine bars are made from high carbon, high chromium, corrosion resistant
steel which can be hardened, ground & stabilized.
• Two cylinders of equal diameters are attached at the ends as shown in fig.
• The distance between the axes can be 100, 200 & 300 mm.
• The Sine bar is designated basically for the precise setting out of angles
and is generally used in conjunction with slip gauges & surface plate.
• The principle of operation relies upon the application of Trigonometry.

Sine Bar
For heavy equipments
Limitations
• The accuracy of sine bars is limited by measurement
of center distance between the two precision rollers
& hence it cannot be used as a primary standard for
angle measurements.
• Sine principle is fairly reliable at angles less than 15o,

but becomes inaccurate as the angle increases.
• For angles exceeding 45o, sine bars are not suitable for
the following reasons
– The sine bar is physically clumsy to hold in position.
– The body of the sine bar obstructs the gauge block stack, even if
relieved.
– Slight errors of the sine bar cause large angular errors
– Long gauge stacks are not nearly as accurate as shorter gauge
blocks.
Angle Gauges
• These were developed by Dr. Tomlinson in 1939. The angle
gauges are hardened steel blocks of 75 mm length and 16 mm
wide which has lapped surfaces lying at a very precise angle.
Numerical on building of angles
• The required angle may built by wringing suitable
combination of angle gauges similar to that of slip
gauges.
• Each angle is a wedge and thus two gauges with
narrow ends together provide an angle which is
equal to the sum of angles of individual gauges.
• Two gauges when wrung together with opposing
narrow ends give subtraction of the two angles
Q1. Build an angle of 37o 16’ 42” using angle
gauges.
Degree 27o +9o +1o =37o
Minutes = 27’-9’-3’+1’ = 16’
Seconds = 30”+ 18” -6”= 42”
18"
6"
3
0
" 1
'
3' 2
7
'
1
37°16' 42" 9 °
'
27° 9
°
Q2. Build an angle of 57o 34’ 9”
• Degree = 41o +27o -9o +1o-3o =57o
• Minutes = 27’+9’-3’+1’ = 34’
• Seconds = 6”+ 3” =9”

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Module 1

• Adjustable slip gauges

• Wringing of slip gauges

• Problems on building of slip gauges (M87, M112)

• Measurement of angle- sine bar, Sine centre, Angle gauges

• Optical instruments for angular measurements

• Applications for measuring straightness and squareness.

• If this is allowed to occur, the gauging surface will be

• They should then be cleaned, smeared with petroleum jelly

• Allowance must be made of the thickness of the protector

• Slip gauges are graded according to their accuracy as Grade 0,

• Always start with the last decimal place.

• Then take the subsequent decimal places.

• Minimum number of slip gauges should be used by selecting

• If in case protector slips are used, first deduct their thickness

Q 2) Build up a length of 35.4875 mm using M112 set. Use two

• The adjustable blade along with the circular plate containing

• The principle of operation relies upon the application of Trigonometry.

• Sine principle is fairly reliable at angles less than 15o,

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