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Arnab Singh

This document discusses association and attributes in statistics. Association refers to the relationship between two variables, while an attribute is a characteristic or quality. There can be positive association, negative association, or independence between attributes. Various methods are discussed to measure association, including proportion, chi-square, and Yule's coefficient of colligation. Examples of calculating association from data using these methods are provided. The document concludes that attributes relate to qualitative properties and their statistics are obtained by counting presences and absences.

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Vishnu Verma
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254 views21 pages

Arnab Singh

This document discusses association and attributes in statistics. Association refers to the relationship between two variables, while an attribute is a characteristic or quality. There can be positive association, negative association, or independence between attributes. Various methods are discussed to measure association, including proportion, chi-square, and Yule's coefficient of colligation. Examples of calculating association from data using these methods are provided. The document concludes that attributes relate to qualitative properties and their statistics are obtained by counting presences and absences.

Uploaded by

Vishnu Verma
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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‘

TO : MR. RAVINDRA BHARADWAJ


BY: ARNAB SINGH
INDEX
• MEANING
• USES AND ANALYSIS
• TYPES
• METHODS
• NUMERICALS
• CONCLUSION
• BIBLIOGRAPHY
• MEANING : In statistics , association tells
you whether two variables are related. An
attribute refers to the quality of a
characteristics.
• Two attributes are said to be associated if
they are not independent but are related in
some way or the other .
• Statistics helps in analyzing various
economic problems such as inflation ,
unemployment etc. by looking at numbers
trends over the years.
• It includes such consideration as what data
to collect in order to quantify some
particular aspect of an economy.
• POSITIVE ASSOCIATION : Two attributes A and B are
(𝐴)(𝐵)
said to be positive when; (AB) >
(𝑁)
• NEGATIVE ASSOCIATION : Two attributes A and B
(𝐴)(𝐵)
are said to be negative when ; (AB) <
(𝑁)
• INDEPENDENT ASSOCIATION : Two association are
(𝐴)(𝐵)
said to be independent when ; (AB) =
(𝑁)
We have following measurement or determination of
studying the association between two attributes :

PROPORTION METHOD :
This method consist in comparing the presence or
absence of a given attribute to the other .
𝐴 ∗(𝐵)
Expected frequency of (AB) =
𝑁
In this method actually observed frequencies of
attributes are compared with their expected
frequencies .
• It is a mathematical measure of the intensity of
association between the two attributes say , A and
B . It is denoted by Q .
• It is the most popular method . It is given by :
𝐴𝐵 αβ −(𝐴𝐵)(αβ)
Q=
𝐴𝐵 (αβ)+(𝐴𝐵)(αβ)
• Generally , Q lies between +1 and -1 .
Yule has computed another measure called the
coefficient of colligation .
It has the same properties as Q . It is denoted by Y and
is given by :
(𝐴β)(α𝐵)
1−√(𝐴𝐵)(αβ)
Y= (𝐴β)(α𝐵)
1+√(𝐴𝐵)(αβ)

This colligation is less used in practical .


NUMERICAL
QUESTION : If (A) = 450 ; (B) =650 (AB) = 310 and (N) =
1000 find whether A and B are independent or
associated .
SOLUTION : we are given (AB) = 310
𝐴 ∗(𝐵) 450 ∗650
=
(𝑁) 1000
= 292.5
The attributes A and B are positively associated .
NUMERICAL
QUESTION : out of 715 literates in a particular city of India ,
number of criminals was 8 while out of 975 illiterates in the
same city, 17 were criminals . Find out of illiteracy and
criminality are associated or independent by using the
proportion method .
SOLUTION : Let us define the attributes ;
A: illiteracy B: criminality
α: 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑦 β: non – criminality
We are given : (A) = 975 (B) = 17 (α) =715 (αβ)= 8
proportion method :
(𝐴𝐵) 17
Illiterates who were criminal : = = 1.74%
(𝐴) 975
αβ 8
Literates who were criminals : = = 1.12%
α 715
since A and B are positively associated
NUMERICAL
Q 1600 candidates appeared for competitive
examination 425 were successful, 252 had attended a
coaching class and of these 150 came successful. Is
there any association between success and utility of
coaching class?
SOLUTION, Let,
A= successful candidates
B = candidates attending coaching class
N= 1660, (A) =425 , (B) = 252 (AB) = 150
(𝐴)(𝐵) 425 ∗252
AB = =64.52
𝑁 1660
it is positive association between success and utility of
coaching classes .
NUMERICAL
QUESTION : show that whether A and B are
independent , positively associated or negatively
associated ?

(AB) =128 (αB) = 384 (Aβ) =24 (αβ)=72


SOLUTION : (A) = (AB) + (Aβ)
128 + 24
=152
(B) = (AB) +(αB)= 128+384
=512
(α) =(αB) +(αβ) =384 + 72
=456
(N) =(A) +(α) = 152+456
= 608
𝐴 ∗(𝐵) 152 ∗512
= =128
(𝑁) 608
(A) and (B) are independent.

NUMERICAL
QUESTION :Show whether A and B are
independent , positively associated or
negatively associated ?
N = 1000 (A) =450 (B) = 600 (AB) =340
𝐴 ×(𝐵)
SOLUTION: we have given ;
(𝑁)
450 ∗600
= 270
1000
(𝐴)(𝐵)
Thus, (AB) =340 > ; since they are positively
(𝑁)
associated.

NUMERICAL
QUESTION : :Show whether A and B are
independent , positively associated or
negatively associated ?
N = 1000 (A) =500 (B) = 400(AB) =200
(𝐴)(𝐵) 500×400
SOLUTION : = 200
(𝑁) 1000
Here , A and B are independent .
NUMERICAL
QUESTION : N = 1482 (A) =368 (B) =343 and (AB) = 35,
find Yule’s coeffecient of association ?
SOLUTION : To compute :
𝐴𝐵 αβ −(𝐴𝐵)(αβ)
Q=
𝐴𝐵 (αβ)+(𝐴𝐵)(αβ)
(αβ) = 343-35 =308 (Aβ) = 368-35=333
(αβ) = (N)- (A )–(B) +(AB) =1482-368-343+35 = 806
35 806 −(333)(308) 74354
Q= = =0.57
35 (806)+(333)(308) 130774
There is a negative association between A and B.
NUMERICAL
QUESTION : Find out if there is any association between
intelligence of husband and intelligent of wife from the
following data :
Intelligent husbands with intelligent wives : 40
Intelligence husbands with dull wives : 110
Dull husbands with intelligent wives :160
Dull husbands with dull wives : 190
SOLUTION : Let ;
(AB) =40 (Aβ) = 110 (α B) = 160 (αβ) = 190
𝐴𝐵 αβ −(𝐴𝐵)(αβ) 40 190 −(110)(160) −10000
Q= = Q= = =-
𝐴𝐵 (αβ)+(𝐴𝐵)(αβ) 40 (190)+(110)(160) 25200
.39 approx
NUMERICAL
QUESTION : Find out if there is any association between
intelligence of husband and intelligent of wife from the
following data by coefficient of colligation :
Intelligent husbands with intelligent wives : 40
Intelligence husbands with dull wives : 110
Dull husbands with intelligent wives :160
Dull husbands with dull wives : 190
(𝐴β)(α𝐵) (110)(160)
1−√ 1−√ 1−1.52
SOLUTION : Y= = Y= = = -0.2
(𝐴𝐵)(αβ) (40)(90)
(𝐴β)(α𝐵) (110)(160) 1+5.52
1+√(𝐴𝐵)(αβ) 1+√
(40)(90)
NUMERICAL
QUESTION : Out of 1000 students who took up an
examination only 400 were successful Out of 1000 the
number of married persons was 100 and only 10 of them
were successful . Do you find any association between
marriage and success ?
SOLUTION : let A represent married B = successful
(A) =100 (B)=400 (AB) =10 (N) =1000
𝐴 ×(𝐵) 100 ×400
expected value of (AB) = = = 40
(𝑁) 1000
The actual value is less than their exception. Hence there
is negative association between two attributes A and B .
CONCLUSION
 Statistical attributes are related with
qualitative property.
 Statistics of attributes are obtained by
counting the absence and presence of
attributes .
 Statistics of attributes cannot be
interchanged with statistics of variables
whereas statistics of variable can be
interchanged with statistics of attribute.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
• WWW.wikipedia.COM
• Advanced statistics book(D.E.I)
• Business statistics book (DR . S.P. GUPTA)

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