QoS in Wireless Networks

ELG5125 Presentation

Author: Thanh Cao

email: [email protected]
Date: November 29, 2005

QoS in Wireless Networks Slide 1

Problem Statement

• Report on schemes, specification to ensure,

manage QoS in third- generation (3G)
wireless networks, specifically in:

- UMTS QoS,
- End-to-end QoS.
- QoS mapping

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Outlines

• Evolution towards 3G

• Factors affecting QoS

• QoS Techniques
– Specifications
– Converting transport to IP
– IP mapping

• Conclusion

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Why 3G?

• Higher data rates (up to 2 Mbps)

• Supports QoS
• Based on standardized protocols, interfaces
– “unifies” competing protocols, technologies
• Offers multimedia services: voice, data, video
• Based on data packets, packet switching
– Data traffic will be dominating
– Evolving toward all-IP networks

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Evolution towards 3G (Ref [2], [3])

2G(1997-?) 2.5G(1998-?) 3G(2001-?)

TDMA IS-136B/HS

GPRS

UWC-136

EDGE

GPRS EGPRS

GSM

UMTS 3GPP

IMT-2000

3GPP2

CDMA2000

CDMA
one IS-95

IS-95B

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3G Evolution: TDMA

• TDMA evolves into 3G wireless by UWC-136, which is based on IS-

136/IS-136+ and IS-136 High Speed (IS-136HS).

• IS-136+ improves the voice and data services which currently use the
existing 30-kHz channel bandwidth.
– IS-136+ packet data service is based on the GSM General Packet Radio
Service (GPRS) architecture.

• IS-136 High Speed (IS-136HS) has two flavors: outdoor/vehicular and

indoor.
– The outdoor 136HS is similar to the Enhanced Data rates for GSM
Evolution (EDGE), and provides bit rates up to 384 kbps.
– The indoor 136HS provides bit rates up to 2 Mbps.

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3G Evolution: CDMA

• IS-95, often referred to as North American CDMA (NA-CDMA), has two

migration paths: IS-95B and cdma2000.
– Both IS-95B and cdma2000 provide smooth transition to IMT-2000 while
maintaining backward compatibility with existing IS-95 infrastructure.

• IS-95B provides enhanced data rate by allowing transmission/reception

of data on multiple channels.
– data rate up to 76.8 kbps or 115.2 kbps in either the uplink or downlink
direction.

• Cdma2000 or wideband cdmaOne

– Further enhancement of IS-95B,
– Uses multi-carriers,
– includes wider channel bandwidth, a pilot channel, and power control

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3G Evolution: GSM

• GSM networks will enhance data services in three phases: General

Packet Radio Services (GPRS), Enhanced Data rates for GSM
Evolution (EDGE) and Wideband CDMA (WCDMA).

• GPRS allows GSM mobile subscribers to connect to an IP-based or

X25-bases networks.

• EDGE has been approved by ETSI and UWCC as the

outdoor/vehicular component of IS-136HS.
– EDGE is backward compatible with GSM/GPRS infrastructure.

• Wideband CDMA introduces a new air interface based on 5-MHz

channel bandwidth.
– WCDMA is adopted as the air interface for 3G wireless (IMT-2000)
– See IMT-2000 next

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3G Global Standard IMT-2000
• International Mobile Telecommunication (IMT-2000)
– An ITU development activity with contributions from:
• Japan: Association for Radio Industry and Business (ARIB)
• EU: European Telecommunications Standard Institute (ETSI)
• USA: Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA)
• Korea: Telecommunications Technology Association (TTA)
– A family of standards that will provide at least
• 384 kbps at pedestrian speed,
• 144 kbps at mobile speed,
• Up to 2 Mbps indoor.

– Adoption of Wideband CDMA with three optional modes:

• Direct Sequence Frequency-Division Duplex (ETSI, ARIB)
• Multi-carrier FDD (TIA)
• Direct Sequence Time-Division Duplex (ETSI)

QoS in Wireless Networks Slide 9

Summary of Wireless Evolution

Summary of Wireless Evolution

Analog 2G 2.5G 3G

• “first” generation • move to digital, • intermediate • IMT-2000 standard,

• only voice • radical changes to technology • data rates from 144
services offered architecture and • modifications to 2G kbps to 2 Mbps,
components, phone architectures • enhanced
• main services: (e.g. GPRS from multimedia
voice, text-based GSM), messaging,
short message • more advanced data • MPEG-4 video,
service (SMS) services. • location-based
services (GPS-
enabled),
• mobile computing

Source: RD Gitlin, “Next Generation Wireless Networking Presentation,” 2003, Columbia

University.

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Why QoS in wireless?
• IP QoS technologies have moved beyond “Best effort”; wireless
must interoperate with IP QoS; therefore wireless must provide
QoS.

• New coming services requiring QoS:

– Streaming applications need throughput and delay guarantees,
– Real-time applications (e.g. multimedia) need low delay,
– Other applications with different QoS requirements.

• Network Operators:
– Efficient use of network resources: avoid over-provisioning
– Service differentiating: offering Service Level Agreement

• Major QoS components: throughput, delay, jitter, error rates

QoS in Wireless Networks Slide 11

Factors Affecting Wireless QoS
• QoS of wireless network is affected by the following:
– Attenuation,
– Multi-path interference,
– Spectrum interference: for example spread-spectrum
interferences from neighboring cells,
– Noise: Noise sources can be natural and man-made such as
radio, TV and other radio-frequency transmission,
– Mobility: affects hand-over and resource utilization,
management,
– Limited capacity: resources are costly.
• Higher error rates are typical

• QoS schemes must interact with those already in use

in the Internet

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Air Interface QoS Mechanisms
Packet arrival

Monitoring Mapping
(QoS Parameters)

Admission
control

Scheduling &
resource allocation

Channel Condition
(from physical layer)

QoS mechanisms: - mapping, admission control, scheduling, resource allocation.

- have to monitor and react to the environment in real time

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Core Network QoS Components

• Admission Control: Limits number of flows admitted

into the network so that each individual flow obtains its
desired QoS.

• Scheduling:
– Scheduling affects delay, jitter and loss rate.
– Allows protection against misbehaving flows.

QoS in Wireless Networks Slide 14

Core Networks QoS Components

• Buffer Management: Controls the buffer size and

decides which packets to drop.
– Controls packet loss rate.
– There are many packet drop strategies including weighted
Random Early Detection (RED).

• Congestion Control: Prevents, handles and recovers

from network congestion scenarios.

QoS in Wireless Networks Slide 15

UMTS Networks Reference
Architecture (Ref [3])

Alternate access Applications

networks & services

Multimedia IP
networks
Servers, gateways,
and control/signaling

UE BSS/GERAN SGSN GGSN

PSTN/
legacy/
external
networks

UE UTRAN MGW MGW

Servers, gateways
Applications &
and control
services

QoS in Wireless Networks Slide 16

End-to-End QoS Architecture (Ref
[6])

UMTS

CN CN
TE MT RAN EDGE TE
Gateway
NODE

End-to-End Service

TE/MT UMTS Bearer Service External

Local Bearer Bearer
Service Service

Radio Access Bearer Service CN

Bearer
Service

Radio Bearer RAN Access Backbone

Service Bearer Bearer
Service Service

Physical Physical
Radio Bearer Bearer
Service Service

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Specifying UMTS Traffic Classes
UMTS QoS Traffic Classes and Applications (Ref [5])

Traffic Class Conversational Streaming Interactive Background

Fundamental Conversational Preservation Expect Destination

Characteristics pattern (low of time response to does not expect
delay) relation request data within a
between certain time
info entities
Preservation of Preservation Preservation of
time relation of payload payload
between info contents contents
entities

Application Voice, voice over Streaming Web Emails, SMS,

examples IP, video audio, video browsing background
conferences download

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Specifying UMTS Attribute Values

Attribute Value Ranges for UMTS Bearer Attributes (Ref [5])

Traffic Class Conversational Streaming Interactive Background

Max bit rate (kbps) 2,000 2,000 2,000 - overhead 2,000 - overhead
Delivery order Yes/no Yes/no Yes/no Yes/no
Max SDU size <= 1500, 1502 <= 1500, 1502 <= 1500, 1502 <= 1500, 1502
SDU format info TBD TBD

SDU error ratio 10-2, 7*10-3, 10-3, 10-1, 10-2, 7*10-3, 10-3, 10-4, 10-6 10-3, 10-4, 10-6
10-4, 10-5 10-3, 10-4, 10-5
Delivery of erroneous SDU Yes/no Yes/no Yes/no Yes/no
Transfer delay (ms) 100 (max) 300 (max)
Guaranteed bit rate <= 2,000 <= 2,000
Traffic handling priority 1,2,3
Allocation/retention of 1,2,3 1,2,3 1,2,3 1,2,3
priority
Source stats descriptor Speech/unknown Speech/unknown
Signaling indication Yes/no

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UMTS Attribute Mapping

• UMTS – Radio Access Bearer mapping:

– Same values between UMTS and Radio Access Bearer: max bit
rate, delivery order, delivery of erroneous SDUs, guaranteed bit
rate, traffic handling priority, maximum SDU size, SDU format
information.
– Left as an implementation issue: residual BER, SDU error ratio,
transfer delay, SDU format information, and source statistics
descriptor.
• Other Attribute Mappings
– Attribute mapping from application attributes into UMTS bearer
service is left as an operator or implementation issue.
– Attribute mapping from UMTS bearer service to CN bearer service
is left as an operator issue.

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Radio Access Networks

Core Network

RNS SRNC RNS SRNC

CRNC CRNC
RAN

Node B Node B Node B Node B Node B Node B

UE

RAN consists of many RNS, among which UE can roam (Ref [9])

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IP as Transport in the RAN

• Current UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network

(UTRAN) uses AAL2/ATM technology.

• Cases for IP as transport technology:

– IP QoS is approaching maturity
– IP network layer is independent of link, physical layers so it
can support a wide selection of lower layers
– IP is becoming basis for packetization of voice, data,
signaling, operation, administration and management (OAM)
functions,
– 3G Core Network is already mostly IP-based.

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IP QoS: DiffServ
• There are several IP QoS technologies: over-
provisioning, DiffServ, IntServ, MPLS, RSVP
– IntServ: fine control resolution, not scalable
– DiffServ: simple management, scalable

• DiffServ: allows network operators to offer different

QoS to different traffic streams
– Prioritizes via DiffServ Code Point (DSCP) in IP header,
– Aggregates traffic into Per Hop Behavior (PHB) groups
– Two types of routers: edge and core
• Pushes complexity to edge routers (classification; policing,
shaping, scheduling traffic)
• Simple core routers process based on PHB. Basic PHBs:
Premium Forwarding/Expedite Forwarding (PF/EF), Assured
Forwarding (AF), Best Effort (BE)

QoS in Wireless Networks Slide 23

IP in the RAN

• Therefore, IP is being considered for UTRAN,

facilitating end-to-end QoS, signaling, OAM.

• Mobile Wireless Internet Forum studied and concluded

that IP is a viable transport option (Ref [9])

• Challenges: tight end-to-end delay, jitter, low packet

loss ratio

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QoS in Core Network

• QoS in core network is left mostly to the operators:

– Which and where QoS capabilities are implemented,
– Mapping between DiffServ code points and UMTS traffic
classes,

• Inter-operation between operators will be based on

Service Level Agreement

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Mapping UMTS Classes to IP
DiffServ
• Proposal for mapping UMTS Traffic Classes to IP
DiffServ:

- Ref [8] proposes Resource Control Layer (RCL) to expand

UMTS Interactive traffic class due to:
- Traffic handling priority
- Packet loss rate

- Ref [8] proves that QoS is handled more efficient when UMTS
QoS classes are mapped to RCL classes than mapping UMTS
QoS directly to DiffServ classes.

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Mapping UMTS Traffic Classes to IP
DiffServ
UMTS Class RCL DiffServ
Characteristics Conversational PCBR AF and EF PHBs

Max bit rate (kb/s) < 2048 Max. per flow 200

Max packet size (bytes) =< 1500, 1502 256

Packet error ratio 10-2, 7*10-3, 10-3, 10-4, 10-5 < 10-8

Transfer delay (ms) 100 (max) 150 (max)

Streaming PVBR AF4

Max bit rate (kb/s) < 2048 Max. per flow 1000

Max packet size (bytes) =< 1500, 1502 1000

Packet error ratio 10-1, 10-2, 7*10-3, 10-3, 10-4, 10-5 < 10-6

Transfer delay (ms) 250 (max) 250 (max)

Interactive PMM PMC AF3

Max bit rate (kb/s) < 2048 - overhead

Max. per flow 250 Max. per flow 50

Max packet size (bytes) =< 1500, 1502 1500 1500

Packet error ratio 10-3, 10-4, 10-6 <10-3 < 10-4

Traffic handling priority 1, 2, 3 1 2, 3

Background PMC BE AF2 or AF1 or BE

Max bit rate (kb/s) < 2048 - overhead Max. per flow 50 No QoS
guarantees

Max packet size (bytes) =< 1500, 1502 1500

Packet error ratio 10-3, 10-4, 10-6 < 10-4

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Conclusion

• IMT-2000 tries to include, unify, inter-operate,

standardize diversified and competing protocols,
technologies,
– 3GPP defines a QoS framework
– We are evolving toward all-IP solution

• Many issues are still unresolved or intentionally left

as “implementation, operator issues”
– QoS in the Air Interface is still unresolved.

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References
[1] Chen L., Kayama H., Umeda N., “Power Resource Cooperation Control
Considering Wireless QoS for CDMA Packet Mobil Communication Systems,“ The
13th IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor, and Mobile Radio
Communication, 2002.
[2] Dahlman E, Beming P, Knutsson J, Ovesjo F, Persson M, Roobol C, “WCDMA
– The Radio Interface for Future Mobile Multimedia Communications,” IEEE
Transactions on Vehicular Technology, Vol 47, No. 4, November 1998.
[3] Desposito J, “A Bump in the Path to 3G,” Electronic Design Online ID #3467,
May 15, 2000.
[4] Dixit S, Guo Y, Antoniou Z, “Resource Management and Quality of Service in
Third Generation Wireless Networks,” IEEE Communications Magazine Feb 2001,
pp 125 – 133.
[5] ETSI, 3GPP, “Quality of Service Concept and Architecture,” 3GPP TS 23.107
version 6.3.0 Release 6.
[6] ETSI, 3GPP, “End-to-End Quality of Service Concept and Architecture,” 3GPP
TS 23.207 version 6.6.0 Release 6.

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References (cont’d)

[7] Guo JY, Chaskar H, “Class-Based Quality of Service over Air Interfaces
in 4G Mobile Networks,” IEEE Communications Magazine, March 2002,
pp 132 - 137.
[8] Maniatis SI, Nikolouzou EG, Venieris IS, “QoS Issues in the Converged
3G Wireless and Wired Networks,” IEEE Communications Magazine,
August 2002.
[9] Mobile Wireless Internet Forum, “IP in the RAN as a Transport Option in
3rd Generation Mobile Systems,” Release 2.0.0, Reference number
MWIF 2001.084.
[10] Saud L.C., Limos R.P., “Third Generation Mobile Wireless Networks
Quality of Service, with a 2.5G Case Study Using Differentiated
Service,” IEEE/Sarnoff Symposium on Advances in Wired and Wireless
Communications, April 26 – 27, 2004, pp 71-74.

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