Plumbing

Plumbing System
Prepared By
Haymanot Baynesagn
January 2020
1. Introduction
The plumbing system is often taken for granted, but it is an
important part of the structure. A complete plumbing
system provides an adequate supply of water and removes
waste.
There are three principal parts:

1. Water supply system.
2. Water and waste removal system.
3. Plumbing fixtures.
2. Work Values and Safety Standards
Work Values of the plumber
• Install pipe, equipment and plumbing fixtures.
• Maintain the plumbing system
• Visually inspect equipment.
• Clear obstruction and
• operate test
• Troubleshoot problems (Repair pipes and plumbing
fixtures)
• Estimate costs of installations and repairs
Work Values of the plumber ( cont.…..)

• Present recommendations and related pricing to customers.
• Plumbers must be capable of performance these tasks of
ensure the proper functioning of properties’ plumbing
system.
Safety Standards
Do
• Think before opening a drain
• Shut off the water (The shut valve)
• Be informed
• Protect your eyes
• Protect your hands
• Protect your lungs
• Practice tool safety
• Read labels
Safety Standards (Cont.….)

Don’t
• Ignore code requirements
• Cut blindly
• Misuse tools or equipment
3. Basic Terms
Plumbing Tools
Below follows a list of the most important tools for plumbing with
steel, copper and PVC pipes.
a) Hacksaw
b) Pipe cutter
c) Self-locking, hinged pipe vice
d) Chain pipe vice
3. Basic Terms
Plumbing Tools ( Cont.…..)
e) Pipe reamer
f) File
g) Stock and di: - For steel pipes only.
h) Ratchet stock and die
i) Sealing threads
j) Still son pipe wrench
k) Adjustable spanner
l) Tube flaring tool set
3. Basic Terms
Plumbing Materials
1. Supply pump
• Centrifugal Pumps
• Booster Pumps
• Circulation - Submersible Pumps
2. Water tank
• Polyethylene Water Tanks
• GRP Water Tanks
3. Basic Terms
Plumbing Materials ( Cont.…..)
3. Water heater
There are 5 types of water heater
• Conventional storage tank water heater
• Tank less Water Heater (On-Demand Water Heater)
• Heat Pump Water Heater (Hybrid Water Heater)
• Solar Powered Water Heater
• Condensing Water Heater
3. Basic Terms
4. Filtration
5. Water supply system
• Pipe
• Reducer
• Adapter
• Socket
• Elbow 45° & 90°
• Tee
3. Basic Terms
5.Water supply system (Cont.…..)
• End cap
• Service valve
• Stop valve
• Check valve
6. Water meter
3. Basic Terms
Sanitary Fixture
3. Basic Terms
Plumbing symbols
4. Sewage Disposal System
Used water and other wastes are carried to the sanitary sewer
or septic tank through the waste removal system.
These pipes are isolated from the water supply system and
must be sized for sufficient capacity, have the proper slope and
venting, and have provisions for cleanouts.
Typically it is practical to drain as many of the fixtures as
possible into a single main drain.
The drainage system is not under pressure and depends on
gravity to carry the waste to the sewer.
Components of drainage system

A vertical drain pipe that collects waste from one or more
fixtures is called a soil stack.
Soil stacks that drain water closets are called main stacks.
Every house must have at least one main stack, which

is generally 3" in diameter.
Each bathroom must have a main stack.
Stacks that do not drain water closets are called secondary

stacks.
Secondary stacks are 1-1/2" diameter.
Fixtures are connected to the stack using a branch main.
All stacks extend into basement and empty into the house drain.
All structures must have at least one house drain, but may
have several.
The house drain becomes the house sewer once it is outside the
house. The house sewer empties into the city sanitary sewer or
private septic system.
Gases from the system dissipate through the vent stack—12"

above roof. The vent stack provides an air inlet for the
drainage system to operate properly
A trap is installed below each fixture to prevent gases from
entering the house. The trap is always filled with water. Water
closets have a built-in trap.
Each stack requires a cleanout at the base.
Drainage System
A drain is the pipe that receives all waste and water discharged
by the soil stacks and waste lines.
This drain is laid from a point just outside the building

foundation wall where it connects to the house sewer, then
through the wall, and either along or under the cellar floor to the
point where connection with the soil stack is made.
Before laying this drain, determine its overall length and how
much pitch to give it so that it will drain as it should.
Drainage System (cont.…)
Building traps shall be provided with a cleanout and a relief

vent or fresh air intake on the inlet side of the trap.
Relief vents or fresh air intake shall be carried above grade

and shall be terminated in a screened outlet located outside the
building.
The size of the relief vent or fresh aid intake shall not be less
than one-half the diameter of the drain to which the relief vent
or air intake connects.
Traps for Plumbing Fixtures
Traps are required because they
prevent sewer gases from entering a
building and causing serious illness
or death.
The term Trap Seal refers to the
water being held in the bent portion
of a fixture trap. The trap seal
forms a seal against the passage of
sewer gases through the trap and
into the building.
Traps for Plumbing Fixtures (Cont.….)
Different Types of Traps
1. Floor Trap or Nahni Trap 2. Gully Trap
3. P, Q and S-Trap 4. Intercepting Trap
5. Bottle Trap 6. Grease Trap
Drains and Traps
Building traps shall be prohibited, except where local
conditions necessitate such traps.
Building traps shall be provided with a cleanout and a relief
vent or fresh air intake on the inlet side of the trap. The size of
the relief vent or fresh air intake shall not be less than one-half
the diameter of the drain to which the relief vent or air intake
connects. Such relief vent or fresh air intake shall be carried
above grade and shall be terminated in a screened outlet
located outside the building.
Drains and Traps (Cont.….)
Soil stacks and waste stacks
A soil stack is a vertical drain pipe that carries soil waste from
sanitary units (i.e. toilets.
A waste stack is any other vertical drain pipe that doesn’t
carry soil from a sanitary fixture.
Cleanouts
A plumbing cleanout is a cleanout fitting with a removable

plug that is found in a roughed in waste system. It is designed
to help keep clear any type of debris that could cause any type
of stoppage in the water drain lines.
Cleanouts are usually placed at the connection point between

the sewer lines and the drain lines where the base is located of
a vertical stack and at all places were the pipe direction
changes at 90 degrees.
Cleanouts (Cont.….)
Cleanouts (Cont.….)
Cleanouts are required at base of all stacks.
VENTS
To prevent the siphonage of a trap seal in fixture traps and
allow gravity flow of drainage, you must let atmospheric air
from outside the building into the piping system to the outlet
(or discharge) end of the trap. The air is supplied through pipes
called VENTS. This air provides pressure on the outlet end of
the seal equal to pressure on the inlet end.
Since the air supplied by the vent to the outlet end provides a
pressure equal to that at the inlet end of the trap, the trap seal
cannot escape through siphonage.
VENTS ( Cont.….)
All vent systems should be provided with a main vent or vent
stack and a main soil and waste vent. A “main vent” may be
defined as the principal artery of the venting system, and
vent branches may be connected to the main vent and run
undiminished in size as directly as possible from the building
drain to the open air above the roof.
VENTS ( Cont.….)
VENTS ( Cont.….)
The term main soil and waste vent, or soil stack vent, refers to
the portion of the stack extending above the highest fixture
branch. In the figure, this vent extends through the roof.
Actually, it is an extension of the main soil and waste stack.
VENTS ( Cont.….)
An INDIVIDUAL VENT
is a vent that connects the
main vent with the
individual trap underneath
or behind a fixture
VENTS ( Cont.….)
A COMMON VENT vents
two traps to a single vent pipe.
The unit vent can be used
when a pair of lavatories are
installed side by side, as well
as when they are hung back to
back on either side of a
partition
5. Storm Water Drains
- Is defined as that portion of the storm drainage system that

receives runoff from inlets and conveys the runoff to some point
where it is then discharged into
• a channel,
• water body,
• or piped system.
5. Storm Water Drains
There are three principal ways to dispose of rainwater from

• roofs,
• courtyards and
• paved areas: storm water sewers, soak away and
collection in storage tanks.
6. Water Supply System
Designed to achieve appropriate
• Water pressure and
• Flow, and
• To avoid contamination to potable water.
Water pressure
• Using water efficiently, the right water pressure is crucial.
• If water pressure is too low, this will be inconvenient for
building users.
Water flow rate
The Building Code requires that sanitary fixtures and appliances
have adequate water supply at an adequate flow rate.
Flow rate is affected by:
• Water pressure
• Pipe diameters
• Water temperature
System layout
When planning a water supply layout, the following must be
considered:
• Pipe runs and lengths
• Point of entry into the building
• Water heating system
• Noise prevention
Hot water supply
a.80 liter to 100 liter at 60°C in a dwelling with a bath tub
b.50 liter to 80 liter at 60°C for a shower
c.Storage heaters of 10 liter to 30 liter 60°C may be used to
supply one or two points of draw offs depending on the use of hot
water.
d.In larger houses where a single hot water heater is intended to
supply hot water to more than one bathroom or kitchen or both, the
maximum short time demand shall be estimated and the capacity
decided accordingly.
Plumbing Plan
Riser Diagram
• Supplementary details on working drawings in order to show
more clearly how the plumbing system is to be installed.
• Shown in both orthographic and isometric views.
• The isometric riser diagram provides a three-dimensional
representation of the plumbing system.
A riser diagram is not drawn to scale but should be correctly
proportioned.
Riser Diagram
• The proper use
of symbols for
the piping and
fittings makes
it easier to read
and interpret
the drawing.
Riser Diagram
Typical isometric Riser Diagram

Riser Diagram
Typical Riser Diagram in elevation
Plumbing Plans
- is a plan view that shows the complete plumbing system. The
plumbing plan shows the location, size, and type of all plumbing
equipment.
The plumbing plan should include: Waste lines and vent stacks.
Drain and plumbing fixture locations.
Size and type of pipe to be used.
A plumbing fixture schedule.
Symbols Legend.
General notes.
A plumbing plan is required for each floor of the building.

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What are the three principal parts of a plumbing system?

What are the three principal parts of a plumbing system?

What are some important plumbing tools listed?

What are some important plumbing tools listed?

Plumbing System

There are three principal parts:

Work Values of the plumber ( cont.…..)

Safety Standards (Cont.….)

Components of drainage system

Every house must have at least one main stack, which

Each bathroom must have a main stack.

Stacks that do not drain water closets are called secondary

Gases from the system dissipate through the vent stack—12"

This drain is laid from a point just outside the building

Building traps shall be provided with a cleanout and a relief

Relief vents or fresh air intake shall be carried above grade

A plumbing cleanout is a cleanout fitting with a removable

Cleanouts are usually placed at the connection point between

- Is defined as that portion of the storm drainage system that

There are three principal ways to dispose of rainwater from

Typical isometric Riser Diagram

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