COMPUTER

OVERVIEW
Hardware and Software
WHAT IS A COMPUTER?

 A computer is an electronic device that receives input,

stores it for a period of time, operate it according to a set
of instructions (known as a PROGRAM) and gives the
user with an output.
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COMPUTERS ARE EVERYWHERE

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Rick Graziani [email protected]
TRADITIONAL TYPES OF COMPUTERS
General purpose computers
 Mainframe
 Minicomputer
 Microcomputer (Personal
Computer)
TRADITIONAL TYPES OF COMPUTERS

• Mainframe
Computers

 First computers, introduced in 1950s

 Used by large businesses
 Typically supported hundreds or thousands of users
 Very expensive
 Used for very large processing tasks
TRADITIONAL TYPES OF COMPUTERS

• Minicomputers

 Typically supported hundreds of users

 No longer a product line
 Smaller and less expensive than mainframes
 The real difference is relative in terms of price, power, marketing.
TRADITIONAL TYPES OF COMPUTERS

• Microcomputer
(Personal Computer)

 Small, self-contained computers

with their own CPUs
 Uses a microprocessor, a CPU
(Central Processing Unit) on
a single chip.
PERSONAL COMPUTER

• Desktop computers
• Laptop computers
• Tablets
• Smart Phones
EMBEDDED COMPUTERS
 Embedded computers – Computers found
inside consumer goods in order to enhance
their function.
 Cars today might have as many as 50
microprocessors on them.
 Some of the reasons for this increase in the
number of microprocessors are:
 Meet emissions and fuel-economy
standards
 Advanced diagnostics
 Reduction of the amount of wiring in cars
 New safety features
 New comfort and convenience features
 Sensors, wearables, medical devices, and
more
SPECIAL PURPOSE COMPUTERS
 Special purpose or dedicated computers – A device with a
specific purpose such as game system or information kiosk.
COMPUTER IS HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE
HARDWARE VERSUS SOFTWARE
 Hardware = The
physical components
that make up a
computer system.
HARDWARE VERSUS SOFTWARE
 Software = The
programs (instructions)
that tell the computer
what to do.
 Operating System
 Application Software
 Programming Software
 Utility Software
HARDWARE COMPONENTS
INPUT SYSTEM UNIT OUTPUT

PERMANENT
STORAGE
INPUT AND OUTPUT DEVICES

INPUT SYSTEM UNIT OUTPUT

PERMANENT
STORAGE
INPUT DEVICES
 Inputdevices allow a user to key-in
data into the computer.

 Enter information into a computer

INPUT DEVICES
 Mouse
 Keyboard
 Scanner
 Web Camera
 Barcode Scanner
 Microphone
MOUSE
A mouse is a small device used to point to
and select items on your computer screen.
It has two buttons: the left (primary)
button and the right (secondary) button.

 Youcan move the mouse using your hand

and the mouse pointer in the screen moves
along in the same direction.
COMMON TYPES OF
MOUSE

Optical Mouse Wireless Mouse

KEYBOARD
 Thekeyboard is used to type text into the
computer. It has keys for letters, numbers
and some special characters.
KEYBOARD
OUTPUT DEVICES
 Theseare devices that receive or
display information from a
computer.

 Send information out from a PC.

OUTPUT DEVICES

 Monitor

 Printer

 Speakers

 Headset
MONITOR
Amonitor displays information
in visual form, using text or
graphics. The part of the
monitor which displays the
information is called the screen.
MONITOR

CRT LCD & LED

PRINTER

Inkjet Printer Laser Printer

Dot-matrix Printer
SPEAKERS
 Speakers are used to play sounds. They
are connected into the computer which
then allows you to listen to music and
hear sound effects from your computer.
SYSTEM UNIT
SYSTEM UNIT

INPUT SYSTEM UNIT OUTPUT

PERMANENT
STORAGE

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SYSTEM UNIT
 The system unit is the core of the computer
system. It is usually the rectangular box placed
underneath a computer desk. Inside the box are
the following electronic components that help in
the processing of information:
 CPU
 Memory
 Motherboard
 Power Supply
CPU
 Central Processing Unit. Also known as the
microprocessor. The CPU acts as the “brain” of
the computer. It is a place in the computer where
data is processed.
CPU
CPU (Central Processing Unit) = A complex collection of electronic
circuits on one or more integrated circuits (chips) which:
1. executes the instructions in a software program
2. communicates with other parts of the computer system, especially
RAM and input devices

The CPU is the computer!

Rick Graziani [email protected]

MEMORY UNIT
 It is composed of the RAM and ROM.
RAM (RANDOM ACCESS
MEMORY)

RAM (Random Access Memory) =

temporarily stores information that the
CPU uses while the computer is turned on.
RAM

Inserting RAM

RAM is TEMPORARY memory

RAM is volatile
 when power goes off, everything in RAM is lost
RAM: CAPACITY

The amount of RAM determines:

 What software and data the user can work on
 How much software and data the user can work with
 Most new computers have at least 2 GB and that is steadily increasing

“out of memory” error message from the Operating System

The more complex and sophisticated the software, the more instructions
that software contains, which means larger software files.
 ROM (READ ONLY MEMORY)

ROM (Read Only Memory) = integrated circuits (microchips) that are

used to permanently store start-up (boot) instructions and other
critical information
Read Only = information which:
 Cannot be changed
 Cannot be removed
 Cannot be appended (added to)
 Fixed by manufacturer
ROM (READ ONLY MEMORY)

ROM is sometimes known as ROM BIOS (Basic Input Output System

software)

ROM permanently contains:

 start-up (boot) instructions
 instructions to do “low level” processing of input and output devices,
such as the communications with the keyboard and the monitor

Firmware = software program which is stored permanently on a

microchip, such as the software on the ROM chip
MOTHERBOARD
 It is the organizer of all the
components of the system unit. It
consists of other circuits that
allows the outside instruction to
be understood by the machine
language.

 a single circuit board with the

components which make up the
computer’s processor for a
microcomputer, including the:
 CPU (Central Processing Unit)
 Memory
 RAM
 ROM
 Expansion slots
 Ports
MOTHERBOARD
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POWER SUPPLY
 It is the source of regulated current that flows
within the system unit.
PORTS
 It is the location for other
connectivity and attachment such as
printer, monitor, scanner and so on.
PORTS
 STORAGE DEVICES
INPUT SYSTEM UNIT OUTPUT

PERMANENT
STORAGE

 Storage Devices:
 Floppy disks (obsolete)
 CD-ROMs, DVDs (becoming obsolete)
 Hard disks
 Solid State Drives (SSD)
 Flash Drives
HARD DISK
 It is the computer’s permanent storage area. It
holds all the computers’ program and files.
COMPUTER PERFORMANCE
 CPU speed (and type)
 Amount of RAM (and
speed)
 Hard disk capacity
SOFTWARE
 Software refers to the instructions or programs
that tell the hardware what to do. It is the name
given to the programs that you install on the
computer to perform certain types of activities.
 The following are the types of software:
 Operating System
 Application Software
 Programming Software
 Utility Software
OPERATING SYSTEM
 Loads automatically when you switch
on a computer
 Main roles:
 Controls hardware and software
 Permits you to manage files
 Acts as intermediary between user and
applications
 OPERATING SYSTEM SOFTWARE
Software which manages the overall operation of the
computer system including:
 hardware (CPU, RAM, I/O)
 security

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 system interface
 application interface
OPERATING SYSTEM
 Three well-known operating systems include
MacOS, Windows, and Linux.
CLI – COMMAND LINE INTERFACE

 No GUI
 MS DOS / Command Prompt
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CLI – Command Line Interface
GUI – GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE
Windows 3.1

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Windows
95/98/XP
WINDOWS 7
MAC OS
LINUX MINT
UBUNTU
OpenSUSE
OPERATING SYSTEMS FOR SMARTPHONES

 Open-source OS
 currently developed by
Google.
 having the largest
installed base worldwide
on smartphones
 Cupcake Donut Eclair

Froyo

Honeycomb
Gingerbread

KitKat
Ice Cream Sandwich Jellybean
Lollipop
 Android's releases are named after sweets or dessert
items (except for the first and second releases)

 Alpha (1.0 & 1.1)

 Beta (1.2)
 Cupcake (1.5)
 Donut (1.6)
 Eclair (2.0, 2.0.1, 2.1)
 Frozen Yogurt/“Froyo” (2.2.x)
 Gingerbread (2.3, 2.3.3)
 Honeycomb (3.0, 3.1, 3.2)
 Ice Cream Sandwich (4.0, 4.0.3)
 Jellybean (4.1, 4.2, 4.3)
 KitKat (4.4.4)
 Lollipop (5.0, 5.0.1, 5.0.2, 5.1, 5.1.1)
 Marshmallow (6.0, 6.0.1
Other Android-based mobile OS:
 Color OS – Oppo

 EMUI – Huawei

 Fire OS – Amazon

 MIUI (Mi User Interface) – Xiaomi

 mobile operating system created and developed by Apple
Inc. and distributed exclusively for Apple hardware.

 presently powers many of the company's mobile devices,

including the iPhone, iPad, and iPod touch.

 second most popular mobile operating system platform in

the world by sales, after Android
Current iOS version list:
 iPhone OS 1.x

 iPhone OS 2.x

 iPhone OS 3.x

 iOS 4.x

 iOS 5.x

 iOS 6.x

 iOS 7.x (Major UI revamp)

 iOS 8.x

 iOS 9.x
APPLICATION SOFTWARE
 Performs specific tasks:
 Word processing
 Calculations
 Information storage and
retrieval
 Accounting

 Cannot function without

the OS (Operating
System)
 Written for a specific
operating system and
computer hardware.
PROGRAMMING
SOFTWARE
 These are programming tools that allow
the programmers to craft their own
computerization programs.
 Two examples of programming software
are BlueJ and NetBeans. Both are used to
create Java-based programs.
PROGRAMMING
SOFTWARE
UTILITY SOFTWARE
A special purpose software that
improves the PC operations by
providing additional and
specialized functionality. It
helps keep to keep your system
in shape by
eliminating/correcting error.
UTILITY SOFTWARE
UTILITY SOFTWARE