1/80

Parts of Sentence
 What is a Sentence?
 Group of words
 conveying some meaning or

 expressing one complete thought

 Kinds of Sentences
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Statements

Exclamatory Kinds of Interrogative

Sentences Sentences
Sentences

Imperative
Sentences
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Statements
 Sentences conveying some information
 Sentences making statements or
assertions
 Declarative or Assertive Sentences.
 Examples:
 The gardener waters the plants.
 Shehla is singing a song.
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Interrogative Sentences
 Sentences used to ask questions
 Examples:
 What are you doing?
 Where do you live?
 Is he leaving for Karachi tomorrow?
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Imperative Sentences
 Sentences which express wishes, appeals,
commands and requests.
 Examples:
 Please take your seat.
 Do not enter my room again.
 Be quiet.
 Have mercy upon us.
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Exclamatory Sentences
 Sentences exclaiming feeling or thought in
a state of excitement.
 Examples:
 What a pretty child!
 How very cold the night is!
 How beautifully Majid executed his strokes!
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Types of Sentences

Type Example Main Use

Statement You took a photo. Giving information

Question Did you take a photo? Asking for information

Imperative Take a photo. An order or a request

Exclamation What a nice photo! Expressing a feeling

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Parts of A Sentence

Subject

Parts of
a
Sentence

Predicate
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Parts of A Sentence
 The part which contains the person or
thing we are talking about is called the
Subject.
 The part which contains what we say
about the person or the thing is called the
Predicate.
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Parts of A Sentence
 Charles Dickens has written a number of
novels.
 Subject : Charles Dickens
 Predicate: has written a number of novels
 Rome was not built in a day.
 Subject : Rome
 Predicate: was not built in a day

There is no subject in imperative sentences because it is understood.

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Subject – Predicate Practice

In the following sentences separate the

subject and the predicate.
The sea hath many thousand sands.
The beautiful rainbow soon faded away.
I shot an arrow into the air.
On the top of the hill lives a hermit.
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Phrase & Clause

 Examine group of words
 “ in a corner”
 It makes sense but not complete sense.
 Group of words which makes sense but not
complete sense is called a Phrase.
 A Phrase is a part of a sentence.
 It does not convey a complete thought or a
statement.
 It does not have any subject or predicate.
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Phrase & Clause

 Example: “of great value”
 It helps in making a complete sentence
 “It is book of great value.”
 The sun rises in the east.
 There came a giant to my door.
 It was a sunset of great beauty.
 The tops of the mountains were covered with snow.
 Show me how to do it.
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Phrase & Clause

 Examine the following italicized group of words
 He has a chain of gold.
 He has a chain which is made of gold.

 First group is a Phrase.

 Second group of words contains a subject
(which) and a predicate (is made of gold).
 Group of words which is a part of a sentence but,
unlike a phrase, contains a subject and a
predicate is called Clause.
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Phrase
Not a
complete
sentence

Can have a Not a

subject or a
verb or
neither
Phrase complete
thought

Prepositional phrase
Adjective phrase
Adverb phrase
Verb phrase
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Clause
Has a subject

Can express
a complete
thought
Clause Has a verb

Independent &
Dependent /
Subordinate
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Phrase & Clause

 Examine the following italicized group of words
 He has a chain of gold.
 He has a chain which is made of gold.

 First group is a Phrase

 Second group of words contains a subject
(which) and a predicate (is made of gold).
 Group of words which is a part of a sentence but,
unlike a phrase, contains a subject and a
predicate is called Clause.
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Phrase & Clause

 In the following sentences, italicized
groups of words are Clauses.
 People who pay their debts are trusted.
 We cannot start while it is raining.
 I think that you have made a mistake.
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Phrase & Clause

• Which of the following are Phrases and
Clauses?
– In my room
– Phrase
– The cat went under the bed
– Clause
– Until next week P or C — why?
– Quickly walking to the store P or C —
why?
– Yet they tried P or C — why?
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Phrase & Clause

Fill in the blanks:
1. A phrase is a group of related words that
is used as a part of ______ and does not
contain both a _______ and a _______.
2. A phrase ______ stand alone as a
sentence
3. A clause has both a _______ and a
_______.
4. A clause _______ stand alone as a
sentence if it’s an independent clause.
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Phrase & Clause

Fill in the blanks:
1. A phrase is a group of related words that
is used as a part of speech and does not
contain both a subject and a verb.
2. A phrase cannot stand alone as a
sentence
3. A clause has both a subject and a verb.
4. A clause can stand alone as a sentence if
it’s an independent clause.
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Phrase & Clause

Identifying Phrases & Clauses
1. The ski lift broke after we got on it.
2. Against the wall.
3. For a while.
4. Tomorrow we will go.
5. Until the end of the week.
6. Have gone running for an hour.
7. Before you know it, it will be summer.
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Types of Clause

Independent

Subordinate

Clause
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Types of Clause
• Independent – expresses a complete thought &
can stand by itself as a sentence.
• Dependent - (subordinate) - does not express a
complete thought & cannot stand by itself as a
sentence.
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Dependent Clause
• A clause that has a subject + verb.
• BUT does NOT express a complete thought +
• CANNOT stand alone as a sentence.
• Start with SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS

After How Unless Which

Although If Until While
As Since When Who
As if So that Whenever Whom
As though Than Where whose
Because That Wherever
Before Though Whether
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Independent Clause
• A clause that has a subject + verb +
expresses a complete idea + can stand by
itself as a sentence.
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Parts of Speech
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Parts of Speech

Words are divided into different kinds or

classes, called Parts of Speech, according
to their use; that is; according to the work
they do in a sentence.
Parts of Speech are eight (08) in number.
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Noun

Interjection Adjective

Parts
Conjunction of Pronoun

Speech

Preposition Verb

Adverb
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What is a Noun?

 A Noun is a word used as the name of a

 person

 place

 thing
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What is a Noun?

The word thing includes

All objects that we can see, hear, taste, touch
or smell; and
Something that we can think of, but cannot
perceive by the senses.
Examples:
Akbar was a great king.
The rose smells sweet.
The sun shines bright.
His courage won him honour.
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Noun : Practice
 Find the nouns in the following sentence:
(Remember!...a noun is a person, place, thing, or
idea)
1. Marium and Jasmin share the book.
2. There are many people in this classroom who are
missing assignments.
3. He is ready for party.
4. The man in the mirror was no one but himself.
5. I have never been so upset in my life!
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Pronoun
 A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun; it
can replace a noun.
 Example:
 Jazib is absent, because he is ill.
 The books are where you left them.
 When the battery wears down, we recharge it.
 Mark lent me his umbrella.
 We’ll send it to you straight away.
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Pronoun : Practice
 Identify the pronouns in the following
sentences:
 They have never been so happy.

 It was a really good day.

 She was upset with herself for failing it.

 You and I should take a walk.

 The candy is neither yours nor mine.

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Pronouns (cont’d)
• The noun to which the pronoun refers is called the
antecedent.
• Example:
Aleena got off work at seven, then she went home.
She=pronoun Aleena=antecedent

Marium is a very bright student; she made all A’s on her

report card.

She, Her=pronouns Marium=antecedent

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What is a Verb?
• Verb comes from the Latin Verbum, a word.
• It is so called because it is the most important
word in a sentence.
• The verb signals an action, an occurrence, or a
state of being. Whether mental, physical, or
mechanical, verbs always express activity.
 Examples:
 He wrote a letter to his father.
 Islamabad is a big city.
 Iron and Copper are useful metals.
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What is a Verb?
 A verb is one of the main parts of a sentence or
question in English. In fact, you can’t have a
sentence or a question without a verb! That’s
how important these “action” parts of speech are.
 A Verb may tell us
 What a person or thing does; as
 Hira laughs.
 The clock strikes.
 What is done to a person or thing; as
 Hira is scolded.
 The window is broken.
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What is a Verb?
What a person or a thing is; as
The cat is dead.
Glass is brittle.
 A Verb often consists of more than one word; as,
 The girls were singing.
 I have learnt my lesson.
 The watch has been found.
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Action
Verb

Types
of
Verbs

Linking
Verb
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Action Verbs
• Action verbs express action, something that a
person, animal, force of nature, or thing can do

Playing Driving
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Linking/ Helping Verb

• Linking verbs, on the other hand, do not
express action. Instead, they connect the
subject of a verb to additional information
about the subject.
• Any form of the verb “Be”
– Am
– Were
– Has
– Been
– Are being
– is
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Verbs Practice
 Identify the verbs in the following sentences:
Remember…verbs can show action or link one
part of the sentence to the next.
Marion was the first woman to become Vice
President.
The father appreciates his son.
There is a large group of students in the
hallway.
They worked all night long.
He will be 18 next month.
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Transitive/Intransitive Verbs
 Examine these sentences:
 The boy kicks the football.
 The boy laughs loudly.
 In sentence 1, the action denoted by the verb kicks
passes over from the doer or Subject boy to some
Object football. The verbs kicks is, therefore, called a
Transitive Verb. (Transitive means passing over.)
 In sentence 2, the action denoted by the verb laughs
stops with the doer or Subject boy and does not pass
over to an Object. The verbs laughs is, therefore,
called an Intransitive Verb. (Intransitive means not
passing over.)
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Transitive/Intransitive Verbs
 A Transitive Verb is a verb that denotes an action,
which passes over from the doer or Subject to an
object.
 An Intransitive Verb is a Verb that denotes an
action, which does not pass over to an object, or
which expresses a state or being; as,
 He ran along distance. (Action)
 The baby sleeps. (State)
 There is a flaw in this diamond. (Being)
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Transitive/Intransitive Verbs
 Most Transitive Verbs take a single object.
 But such Transitive Verbs as give, ask, offer,
promise, tell, etc. take two objects after them – an
Indirect Object and a Direct Object.
 An Indirect Object denotes the person to whom
something is given or for whom something is
done.
 A Direct Object is usually name of some thing; as,
 His father gave him (Indirect) a rupee (Direct).
 He told me (Indirect) a secret (Direct).
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Transitive/Intransitive Verbs
 Most verbs can be used both as Transitive and as
Intransitive verbs.
 A Verb is used Transitively or Intransitively rather than
it is Transitive or Intransitive.
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Transitive/Intransitive Verbs
 Some Verbs, e.g., come, go, fall, die, sleep, lie,
denote actions which cannot be done to anything;
they can, therefore, never be used Transitively.
 In sentences like ‘The man killed himself’, where
the Subject and Object both refer to the same
person, the verb is said to be used reflexively.
 Sometimes, though the verb is used reflexively,
the object is not expressed. It is understood. In the
following sentences, the reflexive pronoun
understood is put in brackets.
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Transitive/Intransitive Verbs
 The bubble burst [itself].
 The guests made [themselves] merry.
 Please keep [yourselves] quiet.
 With these words he turned [himself] to the door.
 The Japanese feed [themselves] chiefly on rice.
 These verbs may, however, be regarded as pure
Intransitives without any reflexive force whatever.
 Certain verbs can be used reflexively and also as
ordinary transitive verbs; as
 Do not forget his name.
 I forgot his name.
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Transitive/Intransitive Verbs
 Acquit yourself well.
 The magistrate acquitted him of the charge against him.
 I enjoy myself sitting alone.
 He enjoys good health.
 He interested himself in his friend’s welfare.
 His talk does not interest me.
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Transitive/Intransitive Verbs
 Intransitive Verbs Used as Transitives
 When an Intransitive Verb is used in a causative
sense it becomes Transitive.
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Transitive/Intransitive Verbs

 A few verbs in common use are distinguished as

Transitive or Intransitive by their spelling, the
Transitive being causative forms of corresponding
Intransitive verbs.
 When an Intransitive Verb is used in a causative
sense it becomes Transitive.
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Transitive/Intransitive Verbs
 53/80

Transitive/Intransitive Verbs
Some Intransitive Verbs may become Transitive by
having a Preposition added to them; as,
 All his friends laughed at him.
 He will soon run through his fortune.
 Please look into the matter carefully.
 We talked about the affair several times.
 I wish for nothing more.
 The Police Inspector asked for his name.
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Transitive/Intransitive Verbs (Practice)

Tell whether the Verb is Transitive or Intransitive?

 The sun shines brightly.

 The boy cut his hand with a knife.
 The clock stopped this morning.
 The policeman blew his whistle.
 The sun rises in the east.
 An old beggar stood by the gate.
 The clock ticks all day long.
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Transitive/Intransitive Verbs
 There are a few Transitive Verbs which are
sometimes used as Intransitive Verbs.

Transitive Intransitive

He broke the glass. The glass broke.

He burnt his fingers. He burnt with shame.

Stop him from going. We shall stop here a few days.

Open all the windows. The show opens at six o’ clock.

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Adjective
 Adjectives are words that describe or modify another
person or thing in the sentence
 Evaluative words (attractive, attractive, dedicated,
delicious, ugly, disgusting)
 Size (large, enormous, small, little)
 Length or Shape (long, short, round, square)
 Age (new, old, young, antique)
 Color (yellow, blue, crimson)
 Nationality (French, Peruvian, Vietnamese)
 Religion (Catholic, Protestant, Jewish, Muslim)
 Material (silver, walnut, wool, marble)
 Noun/Adjective tree (as in tree house), kitchen (as in
kitchen table)
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Adj. practice…
Identify the adjectives:
 There are many good students in high school.
 She was grateful for the interview.
 I am a very intelligent person.
 The basketball team was very adept in knowing
the difficult plays.
 The bluish-green sky was a beautiful sight to
see.
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Adverbs
Adverbs are words that modify
 a verb (He drove slowly. — How did he drive?)
 an adjective (He drove a very fast car. — How fast was
his car?)
 another adverb (She moved quite slowly down the aisle.
— How slowly did she move?)
 some adverbs can be identified by their characteristic "ly"
suffix
 Answers questions such as: "how," "when," "where," "how
much".
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Adverbs Practice…
 Identify the following adverbs; then write out
the question that corresponds to the adverb:
 Ex: She ran fast in the race. (How did she
run?)
 Ashley climbed very fast.
 I swiftly ran after the ball.
 She shut the door angrily.
 She is a very happy person to be around.
 The night crept up stealthily like a burglar in a house.
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Conjunctions
 A conjunction is a joiner, a word that connects
 Coordinating Conjunctions
– And
– Or
– But
– For
– Nor
– So
– Yet
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Conjunctions
 A subordinating conjunction introduces a
dependent clause and indicates the nature of
the relationship among the independent
clause(s) and the dependent clause(s).
 The most common subordinating
conjunctions are: after, although, as, because,
before, how, if, once, since, than, that, though,
until, when, where, whether, and while.
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Conjunctions
 Correlative conjunctions always appear in
pairs -- you use them to link equivalent
sentence elements.
 The most common correlative
conjunctions are:
 both...and,
 either...or,
 neither...nor,
 not only...but also,
 so...as, and
 whether...or
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CONJ. Practice!
Identify the conjunctions in the following sentences; then,
tell what type of conj. they are.
 Ashton and I will go out tonight.
 After the movie, let’s go out to eat.
 Neither Sam nor Vinny ate lunch.
 My true passion in life is writing, and I hope to get published
soon.
 Susan makes good grades because she studies every night.
 Either you will put forth effort in your classes or you will not do
your best.
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Prepositions
 A preposition links nouns, pronouns and phrases to other words in
a sentence.
 Some common prepositions are: at, under, over, of, to, in, out,
beneath, beyond, for, among, after, before, within, down, up,
during, without, with, outside, inside, beside, between, by, on, out,
from, until, toward, throughout, across, above, about, around.
 Examples:
The book is on the table.
The book is beneath the table.
The book is leaning against the table.
The book is beside the table.
She held the book over the table.
She read the book during class.
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Active & Passive

Voice
 66/80

Would you rather?

Watch Lebron play basketball or some

random person sitting in the stands?
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Verbs and Voice

Voice is the form a verb takes to indicate

whether the subject of the verb performs or
receives the action.
There are two types of voice: active voice
and passive voice.
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Active Voice
Active voice is used to show that the subject of
the sentence is performing or causing the action.
Example:
Lebron threw the basketball before the buzzer.
Lebron shot the basketball from the free throw
line.
Lebron scored three points.
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Passive Voice

Passive voice is used when the subject is

the recipient of the action.

Example:
The ball was thrown by Lebron.
The basket was shot by Lebron.
The score was made by Lebron.
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Why does it matter?

STRONG WRITING USES

ACTIVE VOICE!!!!
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Why does it matter?

 Active voice is more direct and concise.
 Passive voice is usually wordier.
 Active voice is like watching Lebron play.
 Passive voice is like watching gum stuck on
the bleachers in the stands.

MOST OF THE TIME, YOU WANT TO USE

ACTIVE VOICE!!!!
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When would you WANT to use

passive voice?
 When intentionally trying to hide the subject of the
sentence.
 For example, a politician might say, “The mistake was
made by someone.” Hiding the subject helps him/her hide
the blame.
 When intentionally trying to minimize the guilt of the
subject.
 For example, a cheating boyfriend might say, “Cheating
was committed by me.”
 When passive voice better emphasizes the main point of
the message, such as “Children were harmed by the
drunk driver.”
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Form of Passive Voice Verbs

 The passive voice requires a "double verb" and
will always consist of a form of the verb "to be"
and the past participle (usually the "en/ed/t" form)
of another verb.
 Example:
Active: John baked the bread.
Passive: The bread was baked by John.
(Was is a form of the verb “be”.)
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Form of Passive Voice Verbs

 Writers should be familiar with the forms of "to

be", often called linking verbs, so that they can
easily identify the passive voice in their work.

 Review the forms of "to be":

 am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been
 75/80

Form of Passive Voice Verbs

 Note the forms of "to be" in the examples of the
verb "to kick" in various forms of the passive
voice:

is kicked----------------had been kicked

was kicked-------------is going to be kicked
is being kicked---------will be kicked
has been kicked-------can be kicked
was being kicked------should be kicked
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Form of Passive Voice Verbs

Examples:
Passive: The cookies were eaten by the
children.
Active: The children ate the cookies.
Passive: The tunnels are dug by the gophers.
Active: The gophers dug the tunnels.
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Let’s Practice

Label the following sentences ACTIVE or PASSIVE.

 Louise made the chocolate cake.

 The chocolate cake was made by Louise.
 The package was advertised by the travel agent.
 The travel agent advertised the package.
 The chain was broken by my brother.
 My brother broke the chain on my bike.
 I hemmed the prom dress.
 The prom dress was hemmed by me.
 The pencil on the floor was broken by him.
 He broke the pencil on the floor.
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Let’s Practice

 Directions: Change the sentences below to the active

voice.
 The statue is being visited by hundreds of tourists
every year.
 My books were stolen by someone yesterday.
 These books had been left in the classroom by a
careless student.
 Coffee is raised in many parts of Hawaii by plantation
workers.
 The house had been broken into by someone while
the owners were on vacation.
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Rewrite the following paragraph in the

active voice.
Last summer our house was painted by me. First, the
exterior was washed using warm water and a mild
detergent. Then all of the chinks in the walls were
sealed with putty. After the putty had had a chance to
dry, the exterior could be painted. A latex paint was
used because it is easy to apply and cleans up with
water. A whole week was needed to finish this part of
the job. A color was used that was very close to the
original color. When the job was finished, a great deal
of satisfaction was felt by me. Even my dad said that a
good job was done.
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SOLUTION
Last summer I painted our house. First I washed the exterior using
warm water and a mild detergent. Then with putty I sealed the
chinks and pores in the walls. After the putty had had a chance to
dry, I could paint the exterior. I used a latex paint because it is easy
to apply and cleans with water. I needed a whole week to finish
this part of the job. I was very careful to apply the paint evenly
because I did not want to have to apply two coats. I used a color
that was very close to the original color. Our house is a two-story
house, which meant that I needed a tall ladder to do the second
story. I had to balance the paint on the top rung of the ladder
while I worked. When I finished the job, I felt a great deal of
satisfaction. I had to pat myself on the back. Even my dad said that
I did a good job.