Introduction to Internet

Dec 8, 2021
 Networks

A network is a collection of terminals, computers, servers,

and components which allows for the easy flow of data
and use of resources between one another.
The first long distance communications link between a
computer and a remote terminal was set up five decades
ago. Information in the form of binary digits travelled at
modest rate of 50 bits per second.
Modern technology makes use of satellites and fibre optic
cables to transfer data. Data can fly between distant
computers at the rate of 1.5 millions bits per second
ormore.

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 Uses of Networks
 Sharing of resources
 Sharing Information
 Communication

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 History of Internet
 In 1969, the Department of Defence (DOD) of
united states started a network called the
ARPANET(Advanced Research Project
Administration Network).This network was set up
the military to ensure that communications did not
break down in the event of war.

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 ARPANET quickly grew to encompass the entire
American continent and become a big success. Every
university in the country wanted to become a part of
ARPANET. For that the network was broken into two
parts
 MILNET – for managing military sites
 ARPAnet – for managing non military sites.

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 Internet
 Internet is a worldwide collection of computer
networks. When you are on the internet, you are part of
a community of millions who use computers to
communicate with one another and to share ideas and
information.

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 Uses of Internet
 On-line communication
 Software sharing
 Exchange of views on topics of common interest
 Customer support service
 On-line shopping
 Worldwide video conferencing

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 Internet service provider (ISP)
 is a company that offers its customers access to the
Internet. The ISP connects to its customers using a
data transmission technology appropriate for delivering
Internet Protocol packets or frams, such as dial-up,
DSL, cable modem, wireless or dedicated high-speed
interconnects.
 BSNL Sify VSNL Reliance Data Infosys Bharti
Infotel

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 Domain Name System:-
 . Domain Name System is that it serves as the
phone book for the Internet by translating human-
friendly computer hostnames into IP addresses. For
example, the domain name www.example.com translates
to the addresses 192.0.32.10

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 URL

 URL is a abbreviation of Uniform Resource Locator,

the global address of documents and other resources on
the World Wide Web.
 The first part of the address is called a protocol
identifier and it indicates what protocol to use, and the
second part is called a resource name and it specifies
the IP address or the domain name where the resource is
located. The protocol identifier and the resource name
are separated by a colon and two forward slashes.

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 For example, the two URLs below point to two different
files at the domain pcwebopedia.com. The first specifies
an executable file that should be fetched using the
FTP protocol, the second specifies a Web page that
should be fetched using the HTTP protocol.
 · ftp://www.pcwebopedia.com/stuff.exe
 · http://www.pcwebopedia.com/index.html

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 web browsers :-
 A web browser or Internet browser is a
software application for retrieving, presenting, and
traversing information resources on the
World Wide Web Although browsers are primarily
intended to access the World Wide Web, they can also
be used to access information provided by Web servers
in private networks or files in file systems. Some
browsers can also be used to save information resources
to file systems

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 List web browsers

 Mosaic, April 22, 1993

 Netscape Navigator and Netscape Communicator,
October 13, 1994
 Internet Explorer 1, August 16, 1995
 Opera, 1996
 Mozilla Navigator, June 5, 2002
 Safari, January 7, 2003
 Mozilla Firefox, November 9, 2004
 Google Chrome, September 2, 2008

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 TelNet
 Telnet is a user command and an basic TCP/IP protocol for accessing
remote computers. Through Telnet, an administrator or another user
can access someone else's computer remotely. On the Web, HTTP
and FTP protocols allow you to request specific files from remote
computers, but not to actually be logged on as a user of that computer.
With Telnet, you log on as a regular user with whatever privileges you
may have been granted to the specific application and data on that
computer. A Telnet command request looks like this (the computer
name is made-up):
 telnet telnet server_name or telnet 192.168.0.249
 The result of this request would be an invitation to log on with a userid
and a prompt for a password. If accepted, you would be logged on like
any user who used this computer every day. Telnet is most likely to be
used by program developers and anyone who has a need to use
specific applications or data located at a particular host computer.

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 File Transfer Protocol
 The FTP (File Transfer Protocol) utility program is
commonly used for copying files to and from other
computers. These computers may be at the same site or
at different sites thousands of miles apart. FTP is a
general protocol that works on UNIX systems as well as
a variety of other (non-UNIX) systems.
Most computers today include a windows-based type
FTP program that is more PC-oriented and does not
require full knowledge of these commands
 ftp://yourLoginName@IPaddress
 ftp://[email protected]

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 Electronic commerce
 It is commonly known as e-commerce consists of the
buying and selling of products or services over
electronic systems such as the Internet and other
computer networks. It has grown extraordinarily with
widespread Internet usage. The use of commerce is
conducted in this way, spurring and drawing on
innovations in electronic funds transfer,
supply chain management, Internet marketing,
online transaction processing,
electronic data interchange (EDI),
inventory management systems, and automated data
collection systems.

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 Electronic business
 It is commonly referred to as "eBusiness" or "e-business",. It may
be defined as the application of information and communication
technologies (ICT) in support of all the activities of business.
Commerce constitutes the exchange of products and services
between businesses, groups and individuals and can be seen as
one of the essential activities of any business. Electronic
commerce focuses on the use of ICT to enable the external
activities and relationships of the business with individuals,
groups and other businesses
 Electronic business methods enable companies to link their
internal and external data processing systems more efficiently and
flexibly, to work more closely with suppliers and partners, and to
better satisfy the needs and expectations of their customers.

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 Proxy Server
 In a computer network a proxy server is a server (a computer
system or an application program) that acts as an intermediary for
requests from clients seeking resources from other servers. A
client connects to the proxy server, requesting some service, such
as a file, connection, web page, or other resource, available from
a different server. The proxy server evaluates the request
according to its filtering rules. For example, it may filter traffic
by IP address or protocol. If the request is validated by the filter,
the proxy provides the resource by connecting to the relevant
server and requesting the service on behalf of the client. A proxy
server may optionally alter the client's request or the server's
response, and sometimes it may serve the request without
contacting the specified server. In this case, it 'caches' responses
from the remote server, and returns subsequent requests for the
same content directly.

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A proxy server has a large variety of potential purposes, including:
 mainly for security

 To speed up access to resources (using caching). Web proxies are

commonly used to cache web pages from a web server.

 To apply access policy to network services or content, e.g. to

block undesired sites.

 To log / audit usage, i.e. to provide company employee Internet

usage reporting.
 To bypass security/ parental controls.

 To scan transmitted content before delivery.

 To scan outbound content, e.g., for data leak protection.

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 Internet Information Services (IIS)
 Also called Internet Information Server – is a
web server application and set of feature extension
modules created by Microsoft for use with Microsoft
Windows. It is the second most used web server behind
Apache HTTP Server

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 Apache HTTP Server
 commonly referred to as Apache is web server software
notable for playing a key role in the initial growth of the
World Wide Web. In 2009 it became the first web
server software to surpass the 100 million web site
milestone. Apache was the first alternative to the
Netscape Communications Corporation web server
(currently known as Oracle iPlanet Web Server)

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