Scribd
Upload
166 views27 pages

PISCES

- Class Chondrichthyes includes sharks, skates, and rays. Sharks have fins, scales, and mouths used to detect prey from long distances using various sensory organs. They have internal fertilization and viviparous or ovoviviparous reproduction. - Class Osteichthyes includes the ray-finned fishes and lobe-finned fishes. Ray-finned fishes have swim bladders that provide buoyancy. Lobe-finned fishes include ancient lineages like coelacanths. - The document discusses the characteristics and taxonomy of cartilaginous and bony fishes.

Uploaded by

Hamdan Fatah
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
166 views27 pages

PISCES

- Class Chondrichthyes includes sharks, skates, and rays. Sharks have fins, scales, and mouths used to detect prey from long distances using various sensory organs. They have internal fertilization and viviparous or ovoviviparous reproduction. - Class Osteichthyes includes the ray-finned fishes and lobe-finned fishes. Ray-finned fishes have swim bladders that provide buoyancy. Lobe-finned fishes include ancient lineages like coelacanths. - The document discusses the characteristics and taxonomy of cartilaginous and bony fishes.

Uploaded by

Hamdan Fatah
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 27

PISCES

Bagus Priambodo, S.Si., M.Si., M.Sc.


Jurusan Biologi, FMIPA, Universitas Negeri Malang
Fish Fin
Fish Scales
Fish Mouth
Class Chondrichthyes (Cartilaginous Fishes)
Subclass Elasmobranchii: Sharks, Skates, and Rays
Characters SubClass Elasmobranchii
• Order Carcharhiniformes contains typical-looking sharks such as tiger and
bull sharks and more bizarre forms, including hammerheads
• Order Lamniformes contains several large, pelagic sharks dangerous to
humans, including great white and mako sharks.
• Dogfish sharks, familiar to generations of comparative anatomy students,
are in order Squaliformes
• Skates belong to the order Rajiformes, and several groups of rays
(stingrays, eagle rays, manta rays, and devil rays) belong to the order
Myliobatiformes
• There are paired pectoral and pelvic fins supported by appendicular
skeletons
• In males, the medial part of the pelvic fin is modified to form a clasper,
which is used in copulation
• Paired nostrils (blind pouches) are ventral and anterior to the mouth
• Five gill slits are found anterior to each pectoral fin
Sensory

• Sharks may initially detect prey from a kilometer or more away with their large
olfactory organs,
• Prey also may be located from long distances by sensing low-frequency vibrations
with mechanoreceptors in the lateral-line system
• This system is composed of special receptor organs (neuromasts) in interconnected
tubes and pores extending along the sides of the body and over the head
• During the final stage of attack, sharks are guided to their prey by the bioelectric fields
that surround all animals. Electroreceptors, the ampullae of Lorenzini are located
primarily on the shark’s head
Digestion

• The mouth cavity opens into a large pharynx, which contains openings to separate gill slits
and spiracles.
• A short, wide esophagus runs to the J-shaped stomach.
• A liver and pancreas open into a short, straight intestine, which contains the spiral valve
that slows passage of food and increases the absorptive surface
• Attached to a short rectum is a rectal gland, unique to chondrichthyans, which secretes a
colorless fluid containing a high concentration of sodium chloride
• The rectal gland assists the opisthonephric kidney in regulating salt concentration of the
blood.
Circulation

• Chambers of the heart are arranged in tandem formation, and blood


circulates in the same pattern seen in other gill-breathing vertebrates
• Blood leaving the heart via the ventral aorta enters capillary beds in the
gills where oxygen is absorbed, then circulated to the rest of the body via
the dorsal aorta
Reproduction
• All chondrichthyans have internal fertilization, but maternal
support of embryos is highly variable
• Some sharks and all skates lay large, yolky eggs immediately
after fertilization; these species are termed oviparous
• Many are ovoviviparous (lecithotrophic viviparous) species,
which retain developing young in the uterus while they are
nourished by contents of their yolk sac until born.
• Still other species have true viviparous reproduction
Skate and Rays
• Most are specialized for bottom
dwelling, with a dorsoventrally
flattened body and greatly enlarged
pectoral fins, which they move in a
wavelike fashion to propel
themselves
• Teeth are adapted for crushing prey:
molluscs, crustaceans, and an
occasional small fish
• Stingrays have a slender and whiplike
tail armed with one or more saw-
edged spines with venom glands at
the base
• Wounds from the spines are
excruciatingly painful, and may heal
slowly and with complications
• Electric rays are sluggish fish with large
electric organs on each side of their head
• Each organ is composed of numerous vertical
stacks of disc-like cells connected in parallel
so that when all cells discharge
simultaneously, a high-amperage current is
produced that flows out into the surrounding
water
• The voltage produced is relatively low (50
volts) but power output may be almost one
kilowatt—quite sufficient to stun prey or
discourage predators
Subclass Holocephali: Chimaeras
Characters:

• Members of the small subclass Holocephali, distinguished by such suggestive names


as ratfish, rabbitfish, spookfish, and ghostfish, are remnants of a line that diverged
from the shark lineage at least 360 million years ago
• Today there are only about 33 species extant
• Anatomically chimaeras have several features linking them to elasmobranchs, but
they possess a suite of unique characters, too
• Instead of a toothed mouth, their jaws bear large flat plates
• The upper jaw is completely fused to the cranium, a most unusual feature in fishes
• Their food includes seaweed, molluscs, echinoderms, crustaceans, and fishes
• Chimaeras are
not
commercial
species and are
seldom caught
• Despite their
bizarre shape,
they are
beautifully
colored with a
pearly
iridescence
Group OSTEICHTHYES: BONY FISHES

Class Actinopterygii: Ray-Finned Fishes and Class Sarcopterygii: Lobe-Finned Fishes


Class Actinopterygii

Ray-Finned Fishes
• By far the most efficient flotation device is a gas-
filled space.
• Swim bladders are present in most pelagic bony
fishes but are absent in tunas/shark
• Without a swim bladder, bony fishes sink
because their tissues are denser/harder than
water
• The amazing effectiveness of this device is
exemplified by a fish living at a depth of 2400 m
(8000 feet). To keep the bladder inflated at that
depth, the gas inside (mostly oxygen, but also
variable amounts of nitrogen, carbon dioxide,
argon, and even some carbon monoxide) must
have a pressure exceeding 240 atmospheres
Class Sarcopterygii:

Lobe-Finned Fishes

You might also like