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    1 - Big Bang Theory

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    Ira Mae Santiago Puno
    The Big Bang theory proposes that the universe began as an infinitely dense point which expanded rapidly. As it expanded and cooled, light elements like hydrogen and helium formed. Later, atoms formed and stars and galaxies began to take shape. Evidence for this includes the redshift of light from distant galaxies indicating expansion, abundances of light elements matching predictions, and the cosmic microwave background radiation.

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    1 - Big Bang Theory

    Uploaded by

    Ira Mae Santiago Puno
    116 views20 pages
    The Big Bang theory proposes that the universe began as an infinitely dense point which expanded rapidly. As it expanded and cooled, light elements like hydrogen and helium formed. Later, atoms formed and stars and galaxies began to take shape. Evidence for this includes the redshift of light from distant galaxies indicating expansion, abundances of light elements matching predictions, and the cosmic microwave background radiation.

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    1_BIG-BANG-THEORY

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    The Big Bang theory proposes that the universe began as an infinitely dense point which expanded rapidly. As it expanded and cooled, light elements like hydrogen and helium formed. Later, atoms formed and stars and galaxies began to take shape. Evidence for this includes the redshift of light from distant galaxies indicating expansion, abundances of light elements matching predictions, and the cosmic microwave background radiation.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    116 views20 pages

    1 - Big Bang Theory

    Uploaded by

    Ira Mae Santiago Puno
    The Big Bang theory proposes that the universe began as an infinitely dense point which expanded rapidly. As it expanded and cooled, light elements like hydrogen and helium formed. Later, atoms formed and stars and galaxies began to take shape. Evidence for this includes the redshift of light from distant galaxies indicating expansion, abundances of light elements matching predictions, and the cosmic microwave background radiation.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 20

    IN THE BEGINNING

    (BIG BANG THEORY


    AND FORMATION OF
    THE LIGHT
    ELEMENTS)
    COSMOLOGY
    •STUDY OF HOW THE UNIVERSE
    BEGAN, HOW IT CONTINUES TO
    EXIST, AND HOW IT WILL END.
    • Science brings forth a cosmological theory, not
    from belief, but from scientific evidence that
    the universe once began to expand and
    continues to expand until today.
    • This theory was eventually called the Big Bang
    Theory or Big Bang Model. Astronomers George
    Lemaître and Edwin Hubble were some of its
    first proponents.
    KEY STAGES OF THE
    BIG BANG MODEL
    STAGE 1
    • The universe may have begun as an infinitely hot
    and dense initial SINGULARITY, a point with all
    of space, time, matter and energy.
    This means that there was no where, when or what.
    There is no space around the singularity – just
    nothingness.
    STAGE 2
    • All of it then began to rapidly expand in a process
    known as INFLATION.
    • Space itself expanded faster than the speed of light.
    • In this still hot and dense mass of the universe, pairs
    of matter and antimatter (quarks and antiquarks)
    were formed from energy, but these pairs cancelled
    each other back into energy (ANNIHILATION)
    STAGE 3
    • The universe cooled down as it expanded. An excess
    of matter (electrons, protons, neutrons and other
    particles) somehow came to be in a highly energetic
    “plasma soup.” Photons (light particles) were being
    scattered everywhere in this “soup”.
    • Protons and neutrons came together to form
    different types of nuclei by NUCLEOSYNTHESIS OR
    NUCLEAR FUSION.
    STAGE 4
    • Much later on, electrons started to bind to
    ionized protons and nuclei forming neutral
    atoms in a process called RECOMBINATION.
    The bound particles no longer scattered
    photons so light and energy moved freely
    across space. The period was hence known as
    the “dark ages”.
    STAGE 5
    Gravity caused these atoms to collapse onto
    one another to form stars and galaxies
    and eventually, other matter. This still
    happens until today. Space also continues to
    expand at an accelerating rate, thus
    increasing the distance between the matters
    inside it.
    EVIDENCES FOR THE BIG BANG
    MODEL
    • REDSHIFT
    • RELATIVE ABUNDANCE OF LIGHT ELEMENTS
    • COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND
    REDSHIFT
    • The first piece of evidence
    • The light of other galaxies is found to be redshifted
    • First it was suggested that other galaxies are moving
    farther away from ours.
    • It was later determined that they are not moving away.
    Instead, space itself is expanding in all directions causing
    all galaxies to be relatively farther apart.
    RELATIVE ABUNDANCE OF
    LIGHT ELEMENTS
    • Second piece of evidence
    • Through measurements, we find that around 24% of the
    universe ordinary matter is currently comprised of
    helium, 74% hydrogen and 2% of other elements. These
    figures only make sense if nucleosynthesis in the Big Bang
    Model actually occurred since no chemical process
    significantly changes these percentages.
    MOST SIGNIFICANT REACTIONS THAT
    OCCURRED (NUCLEOSYNTHESIS)

    D = 1p, 1n T = 1p, 2n 3He = 2p, 1n

    4He = 2p, 2n 7Be = 4p, 3n 7Li = 3p, 4n


    COSMIC MICROWAVE
    BACKGROUND
    • The third piece of evidence
    • It is the energy (thermal radiation) that was left as a
    result of recombination.
    • Atoms became neutral due to the binding of nuclei and
    elections. The remaining radiation then began to scatter.
    This is seen by scientists as a faint microwave glow not
    emitted by any object in space.

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