Flexible AC Transmission Syste MS: Facts

Flexible AC Transmission Syste
ms
FACTS
What is FACTS?
The FACTS technology is a collection of controllers, wh
ich can be applied individually or in coordination with
others to control one or more of the interrelated system
parameters, such as series impedance, shunt impedanc
e, current, voltage, and damping of oscillations.
What limits the Loading Capability?
 Thermal
For overhead line, thermal capability is a function of ambient temperature, wind conditi
ons, conditions of conductor, and ground clearance. The FACTS technology can help in m
aking an effective used of newfound line capability.
 Dielectric
Being designed very conservatively, most lines can increase operation voltage by 10% or ev
en higher. FACTS technology could be used to ensure acceptable over-voltage and power
flow conditions.
 Stability
The stability issues that limit the transmission capability include:
transient stability, dynamic stability, steady-state stability, frequency collapse. Voltage col
lapse, and sub-synchronous resonance.
The FACTS technology can certainly be used to overcome any of the stability limits.
A Simple Example of FACTS
Basic types of FACTS Controllers
 Series controllers:
The series controller could be a variable impedance or a variable source both are power el
ectronics based. In principle, all series controllers inject voltage in series with the line.
 Shunt controllers:
The shunt controllers may be variable impedance connected to the line voltage causes a v
ariable current flow hence represents injection of current into the line.
 Combined series-series controllers:

The combination could be separate series controllers or unified series-series controller---
Interline Power Flow Controller.
 Combined series-shunt controllers:

The combination could be separated series and shunt controllers or a unified power flow
controller
Relative Importance of Different Types of Co
ntrollers
 For a given MVA size, the series controller is several times more powerf
ul than the shunt controller in application of controlling the power/cur
rent flow.
 Drawing from or injecting current into the line, the shunt controller is
a good way to control voltage at and around the point of connection.
 The shunt controller serves the bus node independently of the individu
al lines connected to the bus.
 Series connected controllers have to be designed to ride through contin
gency and dynamic overloads, and ride through or bypass short circuit
currents.
 A combination of series and shunt controllers can provide the best of e
ffective power/current flow and line voltage.
 FACTS controllers may be based on thyristor devices with no gate turn-
off or with power devices with gate turn-off capability.
 The principle controllers are based on the dc to ac converters with bidir
ectional power flow capability.
Relative Importance of Different Types of Co
ntrollers(cont.)
 Energy storage systems are needed when active power is involved in the
power flow.
 Battery, capacitor, superconducting magnet, or any other source of ene
rgy can be added in parallel through an electronic interface to replenis
h the converter’s dc storage.
 A controller with storage is more effective for controlling the system dy
namics.
 A converter-based controller can be designed with high pulse order or
pulse width modulation to reduce the low order harmonic generation t
o a very low level.
 A converter can be designed to generate the correct waveform in order t
o act as an active filter.
 A converter can also be controlled and operated in a way that it balance
s the unbalanced voltages, involving transfer of energy between phases.
 A converter can do all of these beneficial things simultaneously I the co
nverter is so designed.
Brief Description and Definitions of FACTS c
ontrollers
Shunt connected controllers
Series connected controllers
Combined shunt and series connected controllers
Shunt connected controllers
Series connected controllers
Combined shunt and series connected contr
ollers
Other controllers
Multilevel Inverter(High Pulse Order)
Cascaded multilevel inverter
Multilevel inverter combine with selective harmonic elimination
Find switching angles that 5th, 7th, 11th, and 13th harmonics can be eliminate
d from the output waveform.
Reactive power compensation using multilevel converter
Back-to-back inverier using two diode-clamped multilevel converters
TCR, thyristor control reactor (shunt connected controller)
Note: Due to the phase control, harmonic c

urrents of low order also appear. Passive
filters may be necessary to eliminate the
se harmonics. Transformers with Y-delt
a connections are normally used to at th
e sending end to avoid harmonic injecti
on to the ac supply line.
SVC, Static VAR Compensator (shunt connected controller)
Note: The control strategy usually aims to maintain the transmission line vo
ltage at a fixed level.
STATCOM, Static Compensator---Advanced Static VAR Compensator (shunt connected contr
oller)
The main features:

1. Wide operating range
2. Lower rating than SVC
3. Increased transient ratin
g and superior capabilit
y to handle dynamic syst
em disturbances
TSSC, thyristor-switched series capacitor (series-connected controller)
Note:
1. A capacitor is inserted by
turning off, and bypassed by
turning on the corresponding
thyristor switch.
2. The equivalent capacitance is
between 0 and C/m.
TCSC, thyristor-controlled series capacitor (series-connected controller)
Note: The TCSC behaves as a tunable parallel LC-circuit to the li

ne current. As the impedance of XL is varied from its maxim
um (infinity) toward its minimum wL, the TCSC increases it
s capacitive impedance.
FCSC, forced-commutation-controlled series capacitor (series-connected contro
ller)
Note: The operation of

FCSC is similar to th
e TSC, except the swi
tches is replaced by f
orced commutated d
evices.
SSVC. Series static VAR compensator (series-connected controller)
Note: The control strategy of the SSVC is typically based o

n achieving an objective line power flow in addition to t
he capability of damping power oscillations.
Advanced SSVC, series-connected STATCOM
1. This series-connected STATCOM is the dual circuit of shunt-connected STATCOM

(Fig.13.7).
2. This type of series compensation can provide a continuous degree of series compensatio
n by varying the magnitude of Vc. Also, it can reverse the phase of Vc, thereby increa
sing the overall line reactance; this can be desirable to limit fault current, or to damp
en power oscillations.
PAC, phase-angle compensator (series-connected controller)
1. The transforming arrangement between the excitation and series tran

sformers ensures that Vq is always at 90 degrees to V (called qu
adrature booster)
2. The phase shifter controls the magnitude of Vq and thus the phase s
hift alpha to the sending-end voltage.
UPFC, unified power flow controller (combined shunt and series connected con
trollers)
1. The UPFC consists of an a series STATCOM and a shunt SATACOM with a common DC link.
2. Power control is achieved by adding series voltage Vinj to Vs, thus giving the line voltage VL.
3. With two converters, the UPFC can supply active power in addition to reactive power.
Reference
1. L. Gyugyi, N.G. Hingorani, “Understanding FACTS,”
IEEE Press, 1st Edition, December 1999.
2. M.H. Rashid, “Power Electronics,” Prentice Hall, 3rd Edit

ion, 2004.
THANK YOU !

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Flexible AC Transmission Syste

 Combined series-series controllers:

 Combined series-shunt controllers:

Note: Due to the phase control, harmonic c

The main features:

Note: The TCSC behaves as a tunable parallel LC-circuit to the li

Note: The operation of

Note: The control strategy of the SSVC is typically based o

1. This series-connected STATCOM is the dual circuit of shunt-connected STATCOM

1. The transforming arrangement between the excitation and series tran

2. M.H. Rashid, “Power Electronics,” Prentice Hall, 3rd Edit

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