Chapter 1:

Number
and
Calculation 1
(Book 2)
Integers
Numbers such as 1, 2, 3, . . . are positive (+) whole numbers.
Numbers such as -1, -2, -3, . . . are negative (-) whole numbers.

The set of numbers that contains both positive and negative whole
numbers and 0 is called the set of integers.

ℤ is the symbol for the set of integers that is usually written using a
“double” capital letter which stands for the German word for
“numbers”, Zahlen.
 Positive and
Negative Integers
1.1 Adding and Subtracting Integers
Example:
a.) 4 - - 2 = 4 + 2 b.) -3 - - 5 - 4 = - 3 + 5 - 4
=6 = 2 - 4 = -2

1.2 Multiplying Negative numbers

To multiply by a negative number, remember that multiplication is just
repeated addition.

For example:
-3 x 4 = -3 + -3 + -3 + -3 = -12
3 x 4 = 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 = 12

* Multiplication is commutative, that is, 3x4=4x3

so - 3 x 4 = 4 x - 3 = - 12
Exercise 1A-1B
1.) Draw diagrams to show 5 - 7 = -2 and 5 + -7 = -2.

2.) Write down the answers to:

a.) 5 + -2 b.) 6 + -3 c.) 8 + -10
d.) 4 + -4 e.) 1 + -2 f.) 2 - -1

3.) Steve saves his money with the local bank. He keeps a record of his
savings. If he puts in $20 he writes down 20. When he takes out $20 he
writes down -20. He starts with &100. Here is a record of his entries for six
weeks:
30, -20, 20, -60, -30, 70
Find out how much he has in the bank at the end of the six week.
4.) On Thursday afternoon the temperature fell by 3⁰C. On Friday, it had
risen by 5⁰C. If Thursday morning's temperature was -3⁰C, what was the
temperature on Friday?

5.) Find the answer to:

a.) -6 x 4 b.) -7 x 3 c.) 2 x -2
d.) -1 x 8 e.) 8 x -2 f.) 10 x -10
g.) 4 x -7 h.) -2 x 9 i) 9 x -3
 Multiplication Tables
You can show your times table on a
graph. The diagram shows a graph of the 2-
times table.

Notice all the points lie on a straight line.

Exercise 1C
1. a.) Draw a graph of the 3-times table for multiplying numbers from -3 to
4. The answer axis will need to show numbers from -9 to 12.
b.) Do all the answers lie on a straight line?
c.) If your extended the line, what would be the answer to -4 x 3 and -5 x
3?

2. a.) Draw a graph of the 4-times table for multiplying numbers from -4 to
3.
-
3.a.) Write down the answers to: i.) 3 x -2 ii.) 4 x -2 iii.)
5 x -2
b.) Copy the graph. Complete it with you answers
to part a.
c.) Lay a ruler along the points. What answer does
the graph give for -1 x -2?
d.) Extend the graph to find the answer to -2 x -2.
4.) What does this graph show?
5.) Use the graph in Q4 to write down the answer to:
a.) 4 x -1 b.) -4 x -1 c.) -2 x -1
6.) Look at the graph of the
-3-times table,
a.) What is 0 x -3?
b.) What answers does the graph
suggest for -1 x -3, -2 x -3, -3 x -3?
Exercise 1D
1.) Write down the answers.
a.) 4 x 5 b.) -1 x 3 x -2 c.) -4 x 5 d.) -6 x -4 x 2
e.) 4 x -5 f.) 4 x -1 x 2 g.) -4 x -5 h.) -8 x -3 x -2

2.) Is the answer positive or negative, when you multiply together?

a.) three negative numbers
b.) four negative numbers
c.) five negative numbers
1.3 Division of negative numbers
Multiplication and division of positive numbers are connected like this:
3 x 4 = 12 So 12 ÷ 4 = 3

* For negative numbers:

-3 x 4 = -12 so -12 ÷ 4 = -3

Exercise 1E
1.) Find the missing number:
a.) ___ x 3 = 6 b.) 4 x ___ = 12 c.) -4 x ___ = -20
d.) 2 x ___ = -8 e.) 3 x ___ = -12 f.) ___ x 5 = -15
2.) How can you tell whether the answer to a division will be a positive or a
negative number?

3.) Multiplication and division of positive and negative numbers follow a pattern.
Copy and complete these tables.
Second Number Second Number
x Positive Negative ÷ Positive Negative
Number

Number
First

First
Positive Positive Positive

Negative Negative
3.) Find the value of:
20 8 6  100
a.) b.) c.) d .)
2 4 3 50
 21  21  16 4
e.) f .) g .) g .)
3 7 4 4
4.) Find the answer to:
- 4  -9 - 21 -2  70 - 35 6 - 16
a.) b.) c.)  d .) -
-3 7 10 -7 -2 4

5. a.) What is the square of -3?

b.) Give two possible values of 9 .
1.4 Squares, cubes, roots and indices
Square and square roots
Square numbers come from squaring integers (multiplying a whole number
by itself).

1, 4, and 9 are the first three square numbers, which come from 1x1, 2x2
and 3x3.

There is a short way to write these using indices. For example, the fourth
square number is 4 x 4 = 16 and this can be written as 42 = 16.

Any number can be squared. Sometimes you may want to use your
calculator.
Example 4:
Find the square of 2.7

→ 2.7 x 2.7 = 2.72 or 7.29

Note, that 7.29 is not a square number because 2.7 is not an integer.

Finding the square root of a number is the inverse of squaring the number.
49 means ? x ? = 49
7 x 7 = 49 so, 49  7
Example 5:
You can find the square root of a decimal using your calculator.
* Find the square root of 11.56
To do 11.56 , key into your calculator and it will give you an answer
of 3.4
On some calculators, you may need to key this in differently, for example
as 11.56, then . Check how your works.
Squares and square roots are useful for working with squares shapes to find
areas and side lengths.
Example 6:
To work out the square root of a fraction, you find the square roots of the
top and bottom separately:
9 9 3
 
25 25 5
To work out 0.25 without calculator, you can write the decimal as a
fraction. (The numbers in the fraction should be square numbers).
25
So, 0.25  , then find the square roots of the top and bottom
100
separately.
25 25 5
   0.5
100 100 10
Exercise 1F
1.) Work out the square or square root. (Where there are two possible
answers, write both.)
a.) 92 b.) 142 c. 132 d.) 3.62 e.) 11.42 f.) 0.322
f .)  121 g.)  0 h.)  64 i.)  16.81 j.)  0.16 k .)  0.64
2.) What is the side length of a square with area:
a.） 7.84 cm2 b.) 60.84 m2 c.) 156.25 mm2
3.) What is the area of a square with side length:
a.） 3.2 m2 b.) 6.99 m c.) 1.7 cm
Cubes and cube roots
Cube numbers come from cubing integers (multiplying a whole number
by itself and then multiplying by itself again).
1, 8 and 27 are the first three cube numbers, which come from:
1 x 1 x 1, 2 x 2 x 2, 3x3x
There is a short way to write these using indices.
For example, the fourth cube number is 4 x 4 x 4 = 64 and this can be written
as 43 = 64. Any number can be cubed.
Example 7:
Find the cube of 3.1.
So, 3.1 x 3.1 x 3.1 = 3.13
Therefore, 3.13 = 29.791
Note that 29.791 is not a cube number because 3.1 is not an integer.

Finding the cube root of a number is the inverse of cubing a number. You
used the cube root or square root symbol and raised “3” in front to show that
you need to find the cube root instead of the square root.
 3
125 means ? x ? x ? = 125 ( where all the number ? are the same)
5 x 5 x 5 = 125, so 3
125  5
You can find the cube root of a decimal using your calculator.

Example 8:
Find the cube root of 1.728
3
1.728  1.2
Example 9:
(a) Find the volume of a cube with side length 12 mm.
↑
12 mm
↓ Volume of cube is 123 = 1728 mm3

(b) Find the side length of a cube with volume 2.744 m3.

Side length of the cube is 3

2.744  1.4m
2.744 m3
Index notation
The 5 x 5 x 5 can be written as 53 for short. This is called index notation.
The 3 is the power (also called the index). 5 is the is the base number.

How to read?
2 x 2 x 2 x 2 = 24 (two to the power of four)
8 x 8 x 8 x 8 x 8 x 8 x 8 = 87 (eight to the power of seven)

Exercise 1H
1.) Write each of these using index notation:
(a.) 3 x 3 x 3 x 3 x 3 (b.) -2 x -2 x -2 x -2 (c.) 7 x 7 x 7 x 7 x 7 x 7 x 7
2.) Complete the following:
(a.) 25 = 2 x 2 x ... = 32 (b.) 1024 = 2 x 2 x ... = 2？
？
(c.) 26 = 2 x 2 x ... = ___ (d.) 100 000 = 10 x 10 x ... = 10

3.) When the base is -1, explain how you know whether the answer will be
positive or negative for the power you use.

4.) Use this rule to predict the answers to (-1)20 and (-1)37.
5.) On your calculator, try working out 9999.
Do you get an error message?
Do you get an error message for 9933?
What is the highest power you can workout on your calculator for the base
number 99?

6.) What is the highest power you can work out on your calculator for the base
number 9999?
 1.5 Multiples and factors
The multiples of a number are all the numbers in its time table.
Multiples of 3 are 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, ...
Multiples of 4 are 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, ...

* Common multiples of 3 and 4 are 12, 24, ..

- The lowest common multiple of two (or more) numbers is the common
multiple that has the lowest value.
- The lower common multiple (LCM) of 3 and 4 is 12.
The factors of a number are the whole numbers that divide into it with no
remainder.
Factors of 8 are 1, 2, 4, 8. > (1 x 8), (2 x 4)
Factors of 12 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12. > (1 x 2), (2 x 6), (3 x 4), (1 x 12)

* Common factors of 8 and 12 are 1, 2, 4.

- The highest common factor of two (or more) numbers is the common
factor that has the highest value.
- The highest common factor (HCF) of 8 and 12 is 4.
Prime numbers have exactly two different factors, 1 and the number itself.
-Prime numbers can be found using Erastosthenes' sieve (see Book 1).
- The prime number under 30 are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23 and 29.