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2.1 Variables

Here are the answers to Exercise 2.1 numbers 1, 3, 9, 11, 13 from the document: 1. False 3. True 9. a) All squares have four sides. b) Every square has four sides. c) If an object is a square, then it has four sides. d) If J is a square, then J has four sides. e) For all squares J, J has four sides. 11. a) All nonzero real numbers have a reciprocal. b) For all nonzero real numbers r, there is a reciprocal for r. c) For all nonzero real numbers r, there is a real number s such that s is the reciprocal

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284 views16 pages

2.1 Variables

Here are the answers to Exercise 2.1 numbers 1, 3, 9, 11, 13 from the document: 1. False 3. True 9. a) All squares have four sides. b) Every square has four sides. c) If an object is a square, then it has four sides. d) If J is a square, then J has four sides. e) For all squares J, J has four sides. 11. a) All nonzero real numbers have a reciprocal. b) For all nonzero real numbers r, there is a reciprocal for r. c) For all nonzero real numbers r, there is a real number s such that s is the reciprocal

Uploaded by

Hannah Baniqued
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 2

Mathematical Language

2.1 Variables
pp.24-29
Kinds of Mathematical Statements

1.Universal Statement
2.Conditional Statement
3.Existential Statement
Table of Quantifiers
Universal Particular

all, any, anyone, some,something,


anybody somebody,someone,
each, every, few, several, plenty,
everybody,everyone, most, majority,many,
no, nothing, no one, a good number,
nobody, whatever, almose all,very few
whoever, whichever not all, not many,
A universal statement says that a certain property
is true for all elements in a set.

Example:
All positive numbers are greater than zero.
All integers are rational numbers.
A conditional statement says that if one thing is
true then some other thing also has to be true.

Example:
If 100 is divisible by 50, then 100 is divisible by 10.
If it rains today , then it is a humid day.
The Implication or conditional statement of
propositions P and Q , "P implies Q" is
denoted by PQ .

Binary Operator, Symbol: 

P Q PQ
T T T
T F F
F T T
F F T
P is called the premise( or antecedent or hypothesis) and Q
is called the conclusion(or consequence).
Determine the truth value of each of the
following:

1. If 2 is even then 5>10.


2. If 2 is positive then 5 is odd.
3. If ________then 2 is even.
4. If 2 is odd then _______.
Common Ways of Expressing Implication
PQ
if p , then q
p is sufficient for q
p implies q
if p, q
p only if q
q if p
q whenever p
q is necessary for p
Given a property that may or may not be true, an
existential statement says that there is at least one
thing for which the property is true.
Example:
There is a prime number that is even.
Universal Conditional Statements

• Both universal and conditional


Example:

For all animals a, if a is a dog, then a is a mammal.


Conditional nature explicit but its universal nature implicit
If a is a dog, then a is a mammal.
If an animal is a dog, then the animal is a mammal.
Universal nature explicit but its conditional nature implicit
For all dogs a, a is a mammal.
All dogs are mammals.
Other examples:
Fill in the blanks to rewrite the following statement:

For all objects J, if J is a square then J has four sides.


a. All squares_______.
b. Every square ________.
c. If an object is a square, then it ____________.
d. If J ______, then J __________.
e. For all squares J, ______________.

No. 8 pg. 29
Mathematics in the Modern World
Universal Existential Statements
The first part says that a certain property is true for all
objects of a given type, and its second part asserts the
existence of something.
Example:

Every real number has an additive inverse.


Or: All real numbers have additive inverses.
Or: For all real numbers r, there is an additive inverse for r.
Or: For all real numbers r, there is a real number s such that s is an additive inverse for.
Other examples:
Fill in the blanks to rewrite the following statement:

2. Every nonzero real number has a reciprocal.


a. All nonzero real numbers_______.
b. For all nonzero real numbers r, there is________for r.
c. For all nonzero real numbers r, there is a real number s such
that ____________.

No. 10 pg. 29
Mathematics in the Modern World
Existential Universal Statements
First part asserts the existence of a certain object
and its second part says object satisfies a certain
property for all things of a certain kind
Example:

There is a positive integer that is less than or equal to every positive integer.
Or: Some positive integer is less than or equal to every positive integer.
Or: There is a positive integer m that is less than or equal to every positive integer.
Or: There is a positive integer m such that every positive integer is greater than or equal to m.
Or: There is a positive integer m with the property that for all positive integers n,mm.
Other examples:
Fill in the blanks to rewrite the following statement:

3. There is a real number whose product with every number leaves the
number unchanged.
a. Some_______has the property that its___.
b. There is a real number r such that the product of r________.
c. There is a real numbers r with the property that for every
real number s, ____________.

No. 12 pg. 29
Mathematics in the Modern World
Exercise:
Please answer Exercise 2.1
numbers 1, 3, 9, 11, 13

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