COMPUTER & ME

WHAT IS MEAN BY COMPUTER

History of Computers -Long,Long
Ago

beads on rods to count and calculate

still widely used in Asia!
 ##history of computer #
history of computer #
$Father of computer $
In Babbage's times there was a really
high error rate in the calculation of
math tables, when Babbage planned to
find a new method that could be use to
make it mechanically, removing the
human error factor. This idea started to
tickle his brain very early, in 1812.
Three different elements influenced
him in this decision: he disliked
untidiness and unprecision;

$ Charles Babbage $
$ Charles Babbage $
Charles Babbage - 1792-1871
Difference Engine c.1822
◦ huge calculator, never
finished
Analytical Engine 1833
◦ could store numbers
◦ calculating “mill” used
punched metal cards for
instructions
◦ powered by steam!
◦ accurate to six decimal places
 Birth of Personal Computers -
1975

256 byte memory

(not Kilobytes or
Megabytes)
2 MHz Intel 8080
chips
Just a box with
flashing lights
cost $395 kit
IBM PC - 1981
IBM-Intel-Microsoft joint
venture
First wide-selling personal
computer used in business
8088 Microchip - 29,000
transistors
◦ 4.77 Mhz processing speed
256 K RAM (Random Access
Memory) standard
One or two floppy disk drives
Apple Computers
Founded 1977
Apple II released 1977
◦ widely used in schools

Macintosh (left)
◦ first commercial computer with
graphical user interface (GUI) and
pointing device (mouse)
◦ released in 1984, Motorola 68000
Microchip processor
 John Von
Neumann
( 1903-57 ).
Mathematician.
Born in Hungary.

COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE DESIGNED

BY HIM.
1. motherboard
When new motherboards are
developed, they often use
new chipsets. The good
news is that these boards are
typically more efficient and
faster than their
predecessors. The bad news
is that you may not be able
to add certain memory and
CPU upgrades to older
motherboards. Of course,
that's typical of the
computer industry
List of components which are
inbuilt or present on motherboard
1. Pci slot

1.It is white in
color
2.Which is used for
insert expansion
card
Eg. Graphics
card ,network
interface card etc.
2. Ram slot

It is used to insert
RAM
Now a days each
motherboard
contain more
than one port
 Single Data Rate(SDRAM) Memory
The result is where the Dynamic part of the name
comes in, as refreshes are required to maintain data
integrity. Once all of that dynamic refreshing and
storing are done with, the result is a dense package of
data, one of the densest in the business world.

Another benefit of SDRAM is what is called

pipelining. Because the SDRAM chips are so dense
and complex, they can accept more than one write
command at a time. This means that a chip can be
processing one command while it accepts another
one, even if that new command has to wait its turn in
the pipeline. Previous RAM chips required
proprietary access, allowing only one command at a
time throughout the chip. In this way, SDRAM chips
are faster than their predecessors.
 (DDR )memory, or Double Data Rate memory
DDR memory, or Double Data Rate
memory, is a new high performance
type of memory that runs at twice
the speed of normal SDRAM. This
DDR SDRAM is ideally suited to
the latest high performance
processors to increase overall
system speed. The faster the
memory, the quicker
instructions can be passed to the
processor. DDR memory provides
roughly a 15% boost in performance
compared to regular SDRAM.
 3. Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP)

AGP is an abbreviation for the

term Accelerated Graphics Port,
which, unlike the PCI connection,
was used exclusively for
connecting video cards to a PC.

AGP has been phased out of

contemporary PCs in favor of the
much faster PCI Express.

Also Known As: Accelerated

Graphics Port
 4. Complementary metal oxide
semiconductor (CMOS)
Complementary metal oxide
semiconductor (CMOS) is a type
of semi-conductor chip that holds
data without requiring an external
power source. In a personal
computer (PC), CMOS holds the
basic instructions the computer
needs to initialize its hardware
components and boot up. These
settings are known as the basic
input output settings (BIOS), also
referred to as CMOS settings.
 5. Basic input output system (BIOS)
The BIOS is typically placed in a ROM
chip that comes with the computer (it is
often called a ROM BIOS). This
ensures that the BIOS will always be
available and will not be damaged by
disk failures. It also makes it possible
for a computer to boot itself. Because
RAM is faster than ROM, though,
many computer manufacturers design
systems so that the BIOS is copied
from ROM to RAM each time the
computer is booted. This is known as
shadowing.
These computer processors have
more than one independent
processor on the chip or package. In
the case of dual core processor, the
entire chip has two independent
computer processors that can work
together to increase total computer
performance. For non technical
consumers, dual core processors can
be thought of as having two separate
computer chips combined.
 Switched Mode Power Supply.(SMPS)
Switched Mode Power Supply.
Unlike the old power supplies of
the past, which used large, heavy
transformers, SMPS's use
transistors switching DC power on
and off at very high rates (typically
40 to 80 thousand times per
second) into the primary of a much
smaller, more efficient transformer.
SMPS, in addition to being lighter
and more efficient, afford better
regulation of voltages.
A magnetic disk on which you can
store computer data. The term hard is HARD DISK (HDD)-:
used to distinguish it from a soft, or
floppy, disk. Hard disks hold more
data and are faster than floppy disks.
A hard disk, for example, can store
anywhere from 10 to more than 100
gigabytes, whereas most floppies have
a maximum storage capacity of 1.4
megabytes.
A single hard disk usually consists of
several platters. Each platter requires
two read/write heads, one for each
side. All the read/write heads are
attached to a single access arm so that
they cannot move independently.
 CD or DVD drive
Short for Compact Disk-Recordable
drive, a type of disk drive that can create
CD-ROMs and audio CDs. This allows
users to "master" a CD-ROM or audio CD
for publishing. Until recently, CD-R drives
were quite expensive, but prices have
dropped dramatically.
A feature of many CD-R drives, called
multisession recording, enables you to
keep adding data to a CD-ROM over time.
This is extremely important if you want to
use the CD-R drive to create backup CD-
ROMs.
A Floppy Drive - A device that allows your
Floppy drive
computer to read floppy disks.

In the past there were three types of floppy

drives. The first type was a 10" floppy. The
second was a 5 1/4" floppy. Both of these
floppies were flexible media in a flexible
jacket.

The third and most commonly used floppy

today is the 3 1/2" floppy disk. This disk can
hold up to 1.44 MB of data on it. Even
though it is encased in a hard plastic cover, it
still uses flexible media.

By default the first floppy drive is shown as

the A: drive on your PC computer.
Cable is used to connect and
cables
transfer data & signals between
computers and a network. There
are different types of network
cable, and the appropriate type
to use will depend on the
structure and topology of your
network. The most commonly
used types of network cable are
the twisted pair, coaxial,
Ethernet cross over, and fiber
optic.
 cabinet
Above various
components are
connected to each
other and inserted in
box called cabinet.

There are various

type of cabinets are
present at this time,
one of them is given
to right side
Monitors are display devices external to the monitor
computer case and connect via a cable to a
port on the video card. Even though the
monitor sits outside the main computer
housing, it is an essential part of the
complete system.

Monitors come in two major types - CRT

and LCD. CRT monitors look much like
traditional televisions and are very deep in
size. LCD monitors are much thinner while
still offering equivalent, if not better,
graphics quality. LCD monitors are
beginning to obsolete CRT monitors due to
their smaller "footprint" on the desk and
decreasing price. Liquid crystal display
(lcd)
 mouse
A mouse is a handheld
pointing device for computers,
involving a small object fitted
with one or more buttons and
shaped to sit naturally under
the hand. The underside of the
mouse houses a device that
detects the mouse's motion
relative to the flat surface on
which it sits.
 keyboard
As the name implies, a keyboard is
basically a board of keys. Along with
the mouse, the keyboard is one of the
primary input devices used with a
computer. The keyboard's design
comes from the original typewriter
keyboards, which arranged letters and
numbers in a way that prevented the
type-bars from getting jammed when
typing quickly. This keyboard layout is
known as the QWERTY design, which
gets its name from the first six letters
across in the upper-left-hand corner of
the keyboard.
USE OF COMPUTER &
WHAT IS MEAN BY INTERNET.
Use of computer
To store data.
To processes data.
To provide the out put
for every work e.g –
Calculation.
Sending Email.
Chatting with people (
Friends etc. )
Internet.
INTERNET
The internet is a global system of
interconnected computers networks that
use standard protocol ( TCP/IP ) to serve
billions of user world wide e.g – www
( world wide web ).
Search engine = Google, Alta vista.
THE END